1. Chapter2 The Early People

2. The first Americans came during the Ice Age in pursuit of big game animals. They traveled across the last ice sheet which created a land bridge called Beringia from Asia to Alaska. Once in the Americas, the early people spread across the land to South America and the Caribbean Islands.

3. WRITE THIS DOWN!
More than 10,000 years ago New Mexico’s environment was Cold with dry ice caps.
The first Americans most likely came from Siberia.

4. Big-game animals included the mastodon, the mammoth, the saber tooth tiger, and early forms of bison, sloth, horse, and the antelope.

5. In 1886, Richard Wetherill “rediscovers” the Cliff Palace in Mesa Verde, Colorado.
He is credited with the discovery & selecting the term Anasazi.

6. Archaeologists have found and dug many artifacts from early people campsites. They can tell how early cultures were developed. They have found evidence of different animals at kill sites.

7. The first people to live in New Mexico were the big-game hunters
The first people to live in New Mexico were the big-game hunters. The Clovis people were the first to arrive in NM. George McJunkin discovered evidence of the Folsom people.

8. WRITE THIS DOWN!
Big-game hunters were the earliest people to live in New Mexico.
Clovis Man were the first big-game hunters in eastern New Mexico.
Evidence of Folsom Man big-game hunters was found by George McJunkin, a former slave.

9. WRITE THIS DOWN!
Archaeologists use size and shape of spear points to identify the Clovis and Folsom people.

10. A method of estimating the age of organic material based on the decay rate of carbon-14 dating.

11. Big-game soon disappears for three reasons: Ice Age ends-climate changes, grassland dries up big-game suffer from lack of food big-game overhunted Big-game hunters move out of the area

12. People of the Desert Culture Two stages of development of the desert dwellers- 1. hunter-gatherers: hunted deer, antelope, & rodent; gathered seeds, nuts, berries 2. gardeners: lived in caves, grow corn

13. Desert dwellers become known for two items: the basket & the milling stone Once the food source died out, desert dwellers became nomadic.

14. WRITE THIS DOWN!
Nomadic Desert Culture people came after the big-game hunters.
The people of the Desert Culture discovered gardening.

15. Three cultures expand from the Desert Culture
Mogollon
Anasazi
Hohokam

17. WRITE THIS DOWN! People from all three cultures were sedentary.
These early people settled down.
They begin to build permanent homes.

18. Hohokam- lived in Arizona and were experts in squeezing of water from the sun-baked soil.

19. 1st true farmers that grew beans and corn
Mogollon
1st true farmers that grew beans and corn
Sedentary people that built villages

20. WRITE THIS DOWN!
The Mogollon Culture were early farmers in southwestern NM who grew corn and beans.
The Mogollon were the first farmers in New Mexico.

21. Anasazi Culture- “ The Ancient Ones”.
lived in area known today as the Four Corners
Anasazi “enemies of our ancestors”.

22. Early Anasazi achievements: basketmakers weapon called atlatl domesticated dogs rope from yucca fibers bow and arrow

23. Built rows of houses above ground that the Spaniards called “pueblos”
Built rows of houses above ground that the Spaniards called “pueblos”. The Anasazi built underground rooms called kivas, religious centers. Anasazi women were property owners.

24. Peak & Decline of the Great Pueblo Period
The Great Pueblo Period Anasazi used stone masonry to build large apartment homes. Anasazi dominated the American southwest.

25. Pueblo Bonito- “Pretty Town” (Chaco Canyon)
Mesa Verde- “Green Table” (Colorado)
Cliff Palace-largest cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde

26. Anasazi Achievements Build system of roads.
Developed ways to irrigate crops.
Builders of large apartment
houses & cliff dwellings.

27. WRITE THIS DOWN! Anasazi developed in the Four Corners Area.
Villages built by the Anasazi had underground religious rooms.
These villages were called pueblos.
The Anasazi Culture built the great pueblo of Pueblo Bonito.
The great Anasazi pueblo in NM was built in Chaco Canyon.

28. WRITE THIS DOWN!
Archaeologists believe the Anasazi women owned the property.

29. The Great Period comes to an end
1st- Chaco Canyon
Four Corners
Drought:
crops fail
starvation
Plants & game animals
too far away to help
Feed the people

30. WRITE THIS DOWN!
Extended drought and starvation is the MOST accepted theory for the disappearance of the early Ancestral at Chaco Canyon.

31. Rio Grande Classic Period
New Locations:
Zuni, Rio Grande Valley, and
Pecos (largest pueblo)
These peoples are the
descendants of today’s
Pueblo Indians.

32. WRITE THIS DOWN!
After the Anasazi declined, New Mexico’s Indian villages were located in the Rio Grande Valley and the Zuni-Acoma area.

33. Differences in Pueblos New styles of pueblos Pueblos had different styles of kivas. Pottery different from Great Pueblo Period
Chaco Canyon
Chimney Rock
Rio Grande Classic Period
Great Pueblo Period

34. The Anasazi’s Pueblo Bonito at Chaco Canyon still stands today.
Other Anasazi locations are Mesa Verde and Aztec.

35. How the Natives got their name “Indians”
In 1492, Columbus thought that he had reached the Far East spice islands called the Indies. Instead, he had landed in the Americas.

36. Time of Columbus
Unaware of where he was, Columbus named the Caribbean Islands the “Las Indias” or “the Indies.”

37. Time of Columbus
The natives of these islands Columbus called “Indios or “Indians.” The name Indians stuck.
This name was given to all native people living in the Americas 500 years ago.