1. Lesson 3 Natural Disasters Unit 22 Environmental Protection

2. Objectives ■ To practise reading strategies to complete texts with sentences gaps. ■ To practise using the vocabulary of natural disasters. ■ To practise identifying nouns and verbs. ■ To talk about disasters and aid.

3. Part I Pre-reading 1. What disasters have been threatening the lives on the earth? drought

4. In June, 2008, Australia’s Anna Creek station sold half of its 16,000 head of cattle for slaughter ( 屠宰 ) and was moving the rest to other grazing lands ( 牧场 ) in the face of the country’s worst drought in a century.

5. earthquake

6. May 12, 2008. About 70,000 people were killed and about 18,000 people were reported missing after a 8.0-magnitude earthquake struck Sichuan, China.

7. flood

8. In June, 1938, Nationalist Chinese soldiers blew up dikes ( 堤 ) around the Yellow River to stop Japanese troops from advancing. More than half a million people died in the resulting flood.

9. forest fire

10. The 1997 forest fires in Indonesia that lasted well into 1998 was probably among the two or three, if not the largest forest fire in the last two centuries of recorded history. The forest fires burning in Indonesia began to affect neighbouring countries, spreading thick clouds of smoke and haze ( 烟雾 ). By the time the 1997-98 forest fires were finally over, some 8 million hectares ( 公顷 ) of land had burned while countless millions of people suffered from air pollution.

11. hurricane

12. Oct. 26-Nov. 4, 1998. Hurricane Mitch was the deadliest hurricane to hit the Americas. It killed 11,000 in Honduras ( 洪都拉斯 ) and Nicaragua ( 尼加 拉瓜 ) and left 2.5 million homeless.

13. landslide

14. On 6 December 2008, 4 people were killed, 15 people injured in a major landslide at Bukit Antarabangsa in Malaysia that buried numerous homes in the area.

15. tsunami

16. Dec. 28, 1908. Southern Italy was ravaged ( 毁坏，蹂 躏 ) by a 7.2 magnitude quake that triggered ( 触发 ) a tsunami that hit the Messina- Reggio-Calabria area, killing 123,000.

17. typhoon

18. On August 8, 2009, Typhoon Morakot, the worst typhoon in 50 years which hit Taiwan island, had claimed 461 lives and left 192 missing and 46 injured.

19. volcanic eruption

20. July 15, 1991. Mt. Pinatubo on Luzon Island in the Philippines erupted, blanketing 750 square kilometres with volcanic ash. More than 800 died.

21. 2. Which of the disasters in the Key Words do you think are: caused by people? made worse by people? natural? droughts, earthquakes, floods, forest fires, hurricanes, landslides, tsunamis, typhoons, volcanic eruptions Key Words: Disasters

22. Disasters caused by people: Disasters made worse by people: Natural Disasters: forest fires hurricanes droughts, earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunami, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, hurricanes

23. Nature is turning on us

24. Part II Reading Reading strategies: Completing Texts with sentence gaps Read the text to get the general idea. Read a paragraph with a sentence gap and identify the topic, e.g. disasters. Read the sentences before and after the gap and look for clues about the missing

25. sentence, e.g. is it an example of what is mentioned before? Certain words may help you: time references (then). pronoun references (it, that), linking words (however). Decide which sentence goes in the gap. check that it fits the sentences before and after it.

26. 1. Use the strategies to complete the gaps in the text (1-5) with these sentences (a-g). There are two extra sentences you do not need. a) But evidence shows that 73.000 years ago there was a much greater eruption. b) Even Europe has suffered and large areas have been under water. c) That is probably not the most important factor either.

27. d)Third, the other bits of land you might have been able to farm are now useless. e)On top of all that add global warming. f)For example, the yellow river, once famous for flooding, failed to reach the sea at all for 226 days in 1997. g)One answer is overpopulation. Answers: 1. ___ 2. ___3. ___ 4. ___ 5.___ b fgea

28. 1) The main reason why more natural disasters happen now is _______. A. that more and more people move to cities B. that volcanoes break out more frequently than before C. that earthquakes are even more dangerous than in the past D. overpopulation and mismanagement of the world’s resources 2. Choose the best answer to each question according to the text. Answer: D

29. 2) In the future, the biggest threat to human beings may be __________. A. volcanic eruption B. unnatural disasters C. floods and droughts D. typhoons and tsunamis Answer: A

30. 3) The threat to humans from volcanoes is even more serious because ______. A. more and more forests are destroyed by humans B. many people now live within the range of a volcanic eruption C. the population of the world is growing rapidly D. more carbon dioxide is produced by factories and vehicles Answer: B

31. 3. Read the text again and answer these questions. 1) What is the attitude of the journalist towards the future? 2) Who are most likely to be the victims of natural disasters? Pessimistic/Negative. Poor people.

32. 3) Why are there now more hurricanes, floods and droughts? 4) Why are volcanoes and earthquakes more dangerous now? Overpopulation and mismanagement of the world’s resources. Because around half the world’s population lives in cities, more than 500 million people now live within the range of volcanic eruption and an even greater number of people live at risk from earthquakes.

33. 5) What could be the biggest threat to the planet in the future? 6) What effects might this threat have? A volcanic eruption. It might send the planet into winter for years.

34. Part III Structure Analysis 1. This catastrophe is still very fresh in the minds of people worldwide who have not yet got over their separation from loved ones lost in the tsunami. 译文： 在世界各地许多人的心目中, 那场 灾难仍然记忆尤新。他们还没有从海 啸中丧失亲人的打击中恢复过来。

35. 在这个复合句中， who have not yet got over their separation from loved ones lost in the tsunami 为定语从句，修饰 people 。在定语从句中， lost in the tsunami 为过去分词短语作定语，修饰 ones 。 结构分析：

36. 2. People in agriculture areas, without any means to earn their living, move to the cities, and then construct shabby homes from whatever materials they can find on poor clay soil. 译文： 农业地区的人口，因为没有办法 谋生而流向城市。他们用在贫瘠的土 地上用可以找到的任何材料搭建起破 烂的房屋。

37. 结构分析： 在这个复合句中， without any means to earn their living 为复合结构， 在句中作原因状语。 whatever materials they can find 是宾语从句，在句中作介 词 from 的宾语。

38. 3. An even greater number of people live at risk, to some degree, from earthquakes which have claimed more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years. 译文： 从某种程度上来说，有更多的人 处在地震的危险中，在过去的几百年 间地震已经夺去了 160 多万人的生命。

39. 结构分析： 这是一个主从复合句， an even greater number of people live at risk 是主 句。 From earthquake 是介词词组作定 语修饰 risk ； which have claimed more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years 是 claimed 的宾语从句； more than “ 超过 ” ，修饰 1.6 million ； to some degree 是插入语。

40. Part IV Summary Fill in the blanks with the information from the text. In the last decade, there are more and more disasters such as _________, earthquakes, _________, volcanic _________ and _________ fires all over the world. Why are there so many disasters? One of the reasons is _____________. In addition, _________ change and _____________ caused by the mismanagement of the floods typhoonseruptions forest over-population climateglobal warming

41. world’s resources can lead to the disasters or make them worse. At present, volcanoes and earthquakes are more _________. Now more than 500 million people live within the range of a volcanic eruption and it is difficult to warn people of natural disasters ____________. Earthquakes took the lives of 1.6 million people in the last hundred years. What is worse, many experts predict that the things will get _________. dangerous in advance worse

42. Part V Vocabulary Nouns or Verbs 1. Decide if the underlined words in the sentences below are nouns or verbs. Then write down their Chinese meanings. 1) a) She put her arms around me to comfort me. b) The soldiers were armed with guns. noun 手臂 verb 武装

43. 2) a) Heavy rains resulted in floods. b) His results were not as good as he had hoped. 3)a) He means well but just gets it wrong sometimes. b) The telephone is a means of communication. 4. a) The children had fun sliding down the slide all afternoon. verb 导致 noun 成绩 verb 意思是 ; 怀 ( 好 ) 意 noun 方式 noun 滑梯

44. b) Penguins slide downhill over ice on their bellies. 5) a) Be careful! Don’t slip on the wet floor. b) Write your number on this slip of paper. 6) a) What would you like on your bread roll for lunch. b) He rolled the ball across the floor to me. verb 滑行 verb 滑倒 noun 小纸条 noun 卷 verb 滚动

45. 2. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the following words. 1) The ________ forces protected the city. 2) When will you get your exam __________? 3) Don broke his arm when he _______ and fell on the ice. arm, result, mean, slide, slip, roll armed results slipped

46. 4) I _________ what I said. 5) What would be the best ________ of advertising our products? 6) Would you like honey on your _________? 7) The house _________ down the mountain side in the flood last year. 8) The match _________ in a draw. They had 2 points each. mean means roll slid resulted

47. Part VI Speaking Work in pairs. Discuss these questions. 1) What natural disasters have happened in the last few months? 2) What do you think governments can do to help prevent natural disasters? 3) What organisations do you know that provide aid after disasters, or work for the environment? 4) What can we do to improve the environment and help victims of natural disasters?

48. Part VII Language Notes 1. A number of nations have already been in armed conflict over water... [ 用法点拨 ] arm vt.“ 装备；武装（ = to equip; to provide ） ” ，其过去分词 armed 相当于一形 容词，意为 “ 武装的 ” ； armed conflict 意为 “ 武装冲突 ” ；常用的搭配有： (1) arm sb with sth 用 …… 武装或装备某人； ( 非武器 ) 给 …… 提供什么；

49. (2) be armed with 武装有 ……/ 备有 …… ， 如： The mob armed themselves with sticks and stones. 暴乱的群众用棍子和石块作武器。 You can arm them with basic ideas. 你可以给他们一些基本的概念。 The soldiers, armed with bows and arrows, were preparing for the next fight. 这些拿着弓箭的士兵在准备下一场战 斗。

50. [ 拓展 ] 1) armed to the teeth 全副武装 2) arm 复数形式 arms 表示 “ 武器；兵器 ” 。 如： They took up arms and fought for the liberation of their motherland. 他们拿起武器，为解放祖国而斗争。

51. [ 即时演练 ] 选词填空： The whole nation took up _____ to defend their country, although the enemy were _____ to the teeth. A. arm; arming B. arm; armed C. arms; armed D. arms; arming √

52. 2. In the last three years, Indonesia has had a rough time,... [ 用法点拨 ] rough adj. 在句中表示 “ 艰难的（ = difficult and unpleasant ） ” ，如： Having been out of work for months, he is having a really rough time. It’s so rough a task and I hope you will lend me a hand this time.

53. rough 作形容词解时，还有很多用法： 1) 粗糙的；崎岖不平的。 ( 反义词是 smooth ）如： He is from Beijing and isn’t used to walking on the rough road. 2) 狂暴的，汹涌的（风雨、海水等）。 ( 反义词是 calm ）如： The sea was rough in the storm and we all felt sick on board. [ 拓展 ]

54. 3) 大致的，粗略的（计划、估算等）。 ( 反义词是 exact ）如： There were about 200 people present at the meeting, at a rough guess. 粗略估计，出席会议的大概有 200 人。 4) 粗暴的，粗野的，粗俗的。 ( 反义词 是 gentle ）如： Martin had a rough manner and wasn’t getting on well with us. 马丁举止粗野，和我们处得不好。

55. [ 即时演练 ] 将下列句子译成汉语： 1) I don’t know the exact cost, but I can give you a rough idea. 2) Thank you for your timely and selfish help when I was having a rough time. 具体花了多少钱我不清楚，但我可以 告诉你一个大致的情况。 谢谢你在我困难时给予我的及时和无 私的帮助。

56. 3) The ship had to sail across rough seas before it reached the destination. 这船必须穿越波涛汹涌的海面，最后 到达目的地。 4) Don’t be so rough with her, young man! She is still a child, after all. 年轻人，别对她如此粗暴！毕竟她还 是孩子。 5) Daddy held me in his arms with his rough but warm hands. 爸爸用他那粗糙而又温暖的大手将我 揽在怀里。

57. 3. People in agricultural areas, without any means to earn their living,... [ 用法点拨 ] means n. “ 方法；手段 ” 。注意： means 单、 复数同形，作主语时谓语动词要与 means 意义上保持一致。 如： Every possible means has been tried, but none works well. (means 是单数 ) All possible means have been tried, but none works well. (means 是复数 ) 所有方法都试遍了，但效果都不好。

58. He regarded his marriage merely as a means to get his wife’s wealth. 他把婚姻仅仅看成获取他妻子财产的一 种手段。 [ 拓展 ] means 前面常与介词 by 连用，表示 “ 通 过 …… 方式 ” ，如： by means of 通过；借助于 by this means 用这种方法 by all means 务必；无论如何 by any means 用一切可能的方法或手段

59. by no means 决不；一点也不（位于句 首时句子要倒装） [ 即时演练 ] 选词填空 : 1) For him _____ stage is just _____ means of making a living. A. a; aB. the; a C. the; the D. a; the √

60. 2) I’ve tried very hard to improve my English, but by no means _____ with my progress. A. the teacher is not satisfied B. is the teacher not satisfied C. the teacher is satisfied D. is the teacher satisfied √

61. 4. The Chinese government has adopted several noise control plans and... [ 用法点拨 ] adopt vt. 在句中表示 “ 采用；采纳（ = to take and use ） ” 。又如： It has been proved that the new teaching method she has adopted works well. 已经证明她采用的新的教学方法效果好。 Now that we lack any better idea, why not adopt mine? 既然没有更好的主意，何不采用我的主意呢？

62. 1) adopt 也可表示 “ 收养 ” 。如： As they had no children of their own, they adopted an orphan. 他们没有亲生儿女，就收养了一个孤儿。 2) 形近词： adapt vt. 使适应（与介词 to 搭 配）；改编。如： She found it hard to adapt herself to the hot climate there. Many children buy books after they have been adapted for television. [ 拓展 ]

63. 用 adopt 与 adapt 的适当形式填空： 1) The movie The Promise is _______ from a novel written by Guo Jingming. 2) He was so self-opinioned that he refused to _________ my advice. 3) He has already __________ to the lifestyle in Britain. 4) The new law was _________ by a vote of 200 in favor to 18 against it. adapted adopt adapted adopted [ 即时演练 ]

64. 5...., and reduced rainfall in the west of the US has resulted in huge forest fires. [ 用法点拨 ] result in “ 导致（ = to make something happen ） ” ， 相当于 cause / lead to / bring about ，如： The poor management of the business resulted in a loss of 10,000 dollars. 管理不当，以至损失了一万美金。 The great increase in tourism resulted in the construction of many hotels. 旅游业有很大发展， 因此人们兴建了许多旅馆。

65. [ 拓展 ] 1) result from “ 源于 …… ；由 …… 产生 ” ， 相当于 lie in / be caused by... As we all know, smoking often results in lung diseases. = As we all know, lung diseases often result from smoking. 众所周知，吸烟常常让人患上肺病。

66. 2) as a result 结果； as a result of 由 于 …… 的原因 It kept raining. As a result, the sports meet had to be put off till the next week. 天持续下雨，结果运动会只好被推迟 到下周。 The man has lost all his friends as a result of his foolish behavior. 这人行为愚蠢，因而失去了所有的朋 友。

67. 用 result 短语的适当形式填空。 1) To my great disappointment, nothing ________________ my efforts so far. 2) My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; __________________, he could neither eat nor sleep. 3) His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has _____________ many good changes in their lives. has resulted from as a result resulted in [ 即时演练 ]

68. 4) _______________ the serious flood, two thirds of the buildings in the area need repairing. 5) Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complaints have _______________ changes in the law. As a result of resulted in

69. 6. As a matter of fact, average urban noise pollution levels have decreased by 3 decibels since 1989. [ 用法点拨 ] as a mater of fact 意思是 “ 实际上（ = in fact ） ” ， 常用作插入语。如： — Do you know Anna’s telephone number? — I’m afraid not. As a matter of fact, I don’t know any Anna, either. —— 你知道安娜的电话号码吗？ —— 恐怕我不知道。实际上，我根本就不认 识什么安娜。

70. He looks younger than his wife but as a matter of fact, he is three years older. 他看上去比他妻子年轻，而实际上，他年 长 3 岁。 [ 拓展 ] 与 as a matter of fact 意义相同的还有： in fact / in reality / actually 等。如： We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, while, in fact, there were 40. 我们原以为餐厅里有 35 个学生，而实际上 是 40 个。

71. Actually, they are college students working here as volunteers. 实际上，他们是大学生，在这里当志 愿者。 The famous actress appears young while in reality she is already in her fifties. 这位电影明星看上去年轻，而实际上 她已 50 多岁。

72. [ 即时演练 ] 选词填空 : — Didn’t you have a good time at the party? — Of course I did. _____, I had such fun that time seemed to go by so quickly. A. As a matter of fact B. By the way C. In general D. All in all √

73. 7. … who have not got over their separation from loved ones lost in the tsunami. get over 从 ( 疾病、失望等 ) 中恢复过来， 克服 ( 困难等 ) She seemed to get over the death of her husband in no time. He was disappointed at not getting the job, but he’ll get over it. He has got over the language barrier. She can’t get over her shyness.

74. get off 从... 下来，离开，出发 get rid of 摆脱，除去 get through 结束 ( 做完，通过，到达 ) get on 上车，有进展，相处 get up 起床，起立 get to 到达 get along 进展，前进，过活，友好相处 get down 下来，写下，使沮丧，压垮，着手 get away 逃脱，离开 get into 对... 发生兴趣，卷入，进入 get in 进入 ( 到达，收割，收集，当选 ) get back 返回，取回，恢复，报复 get by 通过，经过，混过，勉强过活

75. Studying abroad is quite different from that in China. It took me nearly half a year to _____the language problem and culture shock. A. turn over B. take over C. go over D. get over D

76. 8. So why is nature beginning to turn on us? turn on 反对，攻击；打开，拧开 Why are you all turning on me? He forgot to turn on the radio and thus missed the program. turn off 关掉 turn up 朝上翻，来到，卷起，找到， 出现

77. Homework 1.Finish off Language Power exercises 1- 3 on page 56. 2.Go to lexicon, page 106 and try learn more phrasal verbs. 3.Finish exercises 4 & 5 on page 57.