1. Europe Human Geography Economy Current Issues

2. Demographics A. High per capita GDP B. High life expectancy C. Low population growth rate D. Low infant mortality E. Low percentage of population under age 15 F. High literacy rate

3. Infrastructure The countries in Europe have well developed infrastructures. Some examples are: A. The Chunnel B. Rivers are connected with canals C. Efficient rail system D. Large % of internet connections and cell phone use

4. Cultural Histories Romans dominated most of Europe Eventually Christian rulers dominate north Moors dominate the south Many secured vast empires Britain, Spain, France, Austro-Hungarian Religion Mainly Christian based beliefs Language Most derive from Latin

5. Economic Systems There are three major types of economic systems: A. Free market economy (operates on the idea of supply and demand and private ownership) B. Mixed economy (government owns important industries) C. Command economy (government owns all means of production)

6. Economic Systems After WWII ended in 1945, the Soviet Union controlled much of Eastern Europe and forced the countries to be communist and have a command economy. In 1990, these countries regained independence.

7. Economic Systems Eastern Europe is not as well developed as Western Europe because it was communist. The factories are obsolete and heavy industry in these areas has caused serious pollution.

8. Economic Systems Denmark and Sweden have mixed economies. The Good - Healthcare is paid for by government, early retirements are common, unemployment is low. The Bad - Denmark and Sweden rank number 1 and 2 in terms of how much taxes the people pay. Income tax in Denmark is around 42 - 63%.

9. Economic and Military Unions European Union NATO

10. European Union Economic and political union between 27 member states Created in 1993 – with over 500 million residents 33% of the gross world product Developed a single market for goods and services, as well as laws Single currency – Euro Free movement within countries of the union

12. European Union

13. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization An intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949.

14. NATO

15. Review What are some of the key demographics that European countries have in common? How are the cultural histories of most European countries similar? What are two European based alliances? What does each stand to do?

16. Northern and Western Europe

17. Economy British Isles (example of most economies) England dominates global trade till the late 1800’s Slowly loose colonies and power Nationalization – attempt to reclaim strength, fails Service sector and tourism reign supreme

18. Economy Tourism is a main source of economic activity for most countries in Europe Many great historic sites Farming and agricultural production is integral for most rural areas Wine production in France and Italy Dairy and Flowers in Belgium Fishing in Scandinavia International Business and banking Tax friendly countries

20. Polders The Netherlands and Belgium are called the Low Countries because they are low in elevation. These countries are small and do not have a lot of land for farming. In these countries the people have made polders in order to farm. Polders are reclaimed land from the sea.

21. Current Issues Northern Ireland Violence between Protestants and Catholics England is largely Protestant Irish Catholics (in the north) face discrimination, want reunification with south 1998 agreement to share power helps stem the violence

22. IRA members in N. Ireland

23. Irish Republican Army (IRA) *Started in 1913 *Fight against English rule *Comprised of volunteers *Terrorist tactics

24. Current Issues French government – too much control High taxes and regulations Privatization as a solution Immigration From Northern Africa into France - Gypsy Muslim population increasing Socialization in many Scandinavian countries Good (government programs), bad (economic problems)

25. Review What are some of the economic activites of N & W Europe? What issue has dominated N. Ireland in recent history? What are some current economic or social issues facing the area?

26. Central Europe

27. Economy Germany is an economic powerhouse 4 th largest economy in the world Machinery, automobiles, technology Mineral resources such as coal and iron ore (Ruhr Valley) Agriculture efficient (3% of population produces food for entire country)

28. Economy International Banking Swiss banks are attractive to foreign investors Highly secretive Neutral status of Switzerland Tourism Forestry (Alpine countries) Medicine/Pharmaceuticals CHEESE (Hello! SWISS CHEESE!)

30. Current Issues Many Central European countries are still trying to establish themselves after years of Soviet rule. Immigration from Islamic countries Countries trying to gain E.U. membership East and West German resentment Ossis (easterner) vs. Wessis (westerner)

33. Review What are some current issues Central Europe is facing? What was the purpose of the Berlin Wall? What is a big economic activity for Alpine Countries?

34. Southern Europe and Balkans

35. Economy Tourism Agriculture Citrus Fruits of Spain (Valencia Oranges) Olive oil from Spain and Italy CORK – Thank you Portugal! Production of textiles, clothing, ships and automobiles

36. Cork Production

37. Current Issues Immigration Separation within countries Spain – Basque and Catalonia Italy – North (rich) vs South (poor) Low birth rates Immigration main population growth Urbanization leads to overpopulation and pollution Eastern Balkans still struggling to break out of Communist shackles - poor

38. Current Issues - Yugoslavia After WWI Yugoslavia was formed to unite the various Slavic peoples who lived in the Balkans Included: Bosnians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, and Slovenes Ethnic enclaves – ethnic regions surrounded After WWII Soviet control the Balkan area, Yugoslavia becomes communist led by Tito 1991 Slovenia and Croatia independent Other areas break into civil war amongst ethnic groups Bosnia and Croatia independent 1995 Peace is still shaky

41. Yugoslavia – The Good Josip Broz Tito Unifies Yugoslavia under socialism Breaks away from Soviets After death Yugoslavia slowly breaks away

42. Yugoslavia - The Bad & Ugly The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) charged Milošević with crimes against humanity, violating the laws or customs of war, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and alleged genocide for his role during the wars in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic

44. The YUGO

45. Review What is a big economic activity in Portugal?’ What was the central problem for Yugoslavia in trying to maintain peace? What two countries have class or cultural separation happening?