1. Cold War: 1945 - 1991 US-USSR relations degenerate: 1945 to 1962  Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' speech: 1946  Kennan's Long Telegram: 1946  Truman Doctrine: 1947 (during Greek Civil War)  Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe: 1948 – 1952  Soviet's first atomic bomb: 1949  Berlin Blockade and Airlift: 1948-1949  NATO founded: 1949 (Greece, Turkey 1952)  Warsaw Pact: 1955  Building of the Berlin Wall: 1961  Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962

2. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization (OTAN) Response to Berlin Blockade 28 nations including much of EU, US, Canada, Iceland, Turkey, Croatia and Albania join 2009 De Gaulle withdraws France 1966, Sarkozy returns in 2009 70% of world's defense spending today Has outlasted the Cold War with missions to Bosnia, Afghanistan, and most recently Libya

3. NATO enlargement

4. NATO including Americas

5. Nuclear Arms Race US 1945; Soviets 1949. UK 1952, France 1960, China 1964. More destructive hydrogen bombs 1952-3. ICBMs 1950s Nuclear arms stockpile chart, 1945 to 2005:

6. The Berlin Wall Soviets start to build 96-mile wall summer 1961 Goal to ”protect” from subversive ideals but reality was to halt massive flight to West 3.5 million East Germans had fled (20% pop) Perhaps 5,000 escape in 3 decades that follow Symbol of Iron Curtain and Cold War division In fall of 1989 Wall is torn down Germany reunifies the next year, 1990

7. Building the Berlin Wall

8. The Berlin Wall in the 1960s

9. The End of the Berlin Wall

10. The Cuban Missile Crisis Lasts just 13 days but the closest two sides come to war Pres. John F. Kennedy ”vs” Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev 1958- 1961 US installs nuclear missiles in UK, Italy, Turkey Fidel Castro overthrows pro-US regime Jan. 1959; US launches failed ”Bay of Pigs” invasion April 1962; embargoes island (still in effect) Oct. 14 reconnaissance plane spots construction of Soviet missile base in Cuba; US blockades island; demands removal Khrushchev agrees IF US promises publicly not to invade Cuba and secretly, if missles in Turkey and Italy are removed too Missles dismantled. blockade lifted. One pilot shot down Hotline set up between Moscow and Washington Kennedy shot, Khrushchev ousted within next two years

11. President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev

12. Letter from Khrushchev to Kennedy Mr. President, we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter that knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it, and then it will be necessary to cut that knot, and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose. Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this. Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 26, 1962