1. Deep-Sea Zone high pressure, cold temperature, total darkness once believed to be completely devoid of life now known to have some of the Earth’s strangest creatures Gulper eels, giant squid, sea cucumbers

2. Deep-Sea Zone zooplankton free-floating microscopic animals wait for night to migrate to the ocean’s surface to feed on phytoplankton

3. Estuaries found at boundary between fresh water and salt water salt marshes, mangrove swamps, lagoons, mouths of rivers mixture of fresh water and salt water

4. Estuaries supports a variety of life forms usually shallow sunlight penetrates the water completely photosynthesis occurs at all levels aquatic plants supports many types of fishes, shrimps, and crabs

5. Energy and Nutrients: Building the Web of Life Flow of energy through an ecosystem one of most important factors in an ecosystem 0.1 percent of the sun’s energy reaches the earth used by living things responsible for producing organic matter

6. Energy and Nutrients: Building the Web of Life energy absorbed by plants 1/2 used immediately 1/2 stored animals eat plants absorb small amount of the 1/2 stored by plants

7. Energy and Nutrients: Building the Web of Life Energy cannot be recycled flow not a cycle Nutrients can be recycled through an ecosystem when an animal dies, its matter does not disappear decomposes and gets used by another organism

8. Flow of Energy Sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living things producers (photosynthetic organisms) make their own food photosynthesis

9. Flow of Energy Consumers animals get energy directly or indirectly from producers primary consumers herbivores

10. Flow of Energy secondary consumers feed on primary consumers carnivores

11. Flow of Energy

12. Energy flows through an ecosystem from the sun to producers and then to consumers

13. Flow of Energy plants and animals die remains do not build up decomposers obtain energy from nonliving organic matter bacteria, fungi

14. Flow of Energy trophic level feeding level there is no limit to the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem at each higher trophic level, less and less of the energy originally captured by the producers is available

15. Ecological Pyramids represent the energy relationships among trophic levels three types of ecological pyramids