1. Equity: Ethical Approaches to Social Justice “Excuse me, but its important to get those drinks to those who need them the most.”

2. The Utilitarian Approach Allocation of resources must maximize utility/benefit for larger society – i.e., efficiency But what is just?

3. ASARCO Case Assume Calculation of Net Benefit (in $M) Over 10 Years (Compared to No Regulation) is as Follows: Income GroupLenient StrictStandard Upper-middle (Vashon Island) +1.0 +4.5 Middle (Tacoma) +1.5 +2.0 Lower (Workers) +0.5 -3.0 NET BENEFIT +3.0 +3.5

4. Libertarian – “Endowment” – Approach Harvard Philosophy Professor Robert Nozick (1938-2002) Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) Private property an “entitlement” – natural right Historical process of distribution more important than recipients, or results: –“justice in acquisition” –“justice in transfer” [procedural justice] Free market best conceived mechanisms for this distribution “Night watchman” state

5. Liberal Welfare – “Contractarian” – Approach Harvard Philosophy Professor John Rawls (1921-2002) A Theory of Justice (1971) Inviolability of human life Social justice a natural right Justice essential for social contract Principles of justice derived by people behind “veil of ignorance” Justice as fairness: –each person has equal right to basic rights/liberties –Social/economic inequalities must: »be attached to positions open to all; »be to the greatest benefit of least advantaged (difference principle) Requires state activism on efficiency and equity

6. Egalitarian (Socialist) Approach All members of society treated equally Equal distribution of power, rights, income