1. Chapter 10A Lecture Focus On: Enhancing Your Body Image © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Learning Outcomes Define what body image is, list the factors that influence it, and identify the elements of the body image continuum. Describe four myths about body image and the difference between being dissatisfied with your appearance and body image disorders. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Learning Outcomes (cont.) Describe the signs and symptoms of disordered eating, as well as the physical effects and treatment options for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorders. List the criteria, symptoms, and treatment for exercise disorders such as muscle dysmorphia and female athlete triad. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. What Is Body Image? Body Image –How you see yourself in your mind –What you believe about your own appearance (including your real perceptions about your body) –How comfortable you feel about your body, including your height, shape, and weight A negative body image is either a distorted perception of your shape or feelings of discomfort, shame, or anxiety about your body. A positive body image is true perception of your appearance; a celebration of being unique. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. What Is Body Image? (cont.) Many Factors Influence Body Image –The media and popular culture More than 68 percent of Americans are overweight or obese; a significant disconnect exists between the media's idealized images and the typical American body. –Family, community, and cultural groups Parents can enhance or disrupt children's self body image. –Physiological and psychological factors Distorted body image may be linked to the brain's ability to regulate neurotransmitters. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Eating Issues with Body Image Continuum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. ABC News Video: A Real Look at Real Women Discuss Questions In what ways does advertising shape perceptions of women's body type? What advertising methods can be used to help women formulate healthy body images? How can the image database on mybodygallery.com benefit women in overcoming body struggles? What are some of the drawbacks to the website? mybodygallery.com © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. How Can I Build a More Positive Body Image? Challenge the commonly held attitudes in contemporary society. The Four Myths –How you look is more important than who you are. –Anyone can be slender and attractive if he or she has willpower. –Extreme dieting is an effective weight-loss strategy. –Appearance is more important than health. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Body Image Disorders Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) –Persons with BDD are obsessively concerned with their appearance, have a distorted view of their own body shape, body size, weight, perceived lack of muscles, facial blemishes, size of body parts, and so on. Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) –Persons with SPA spend a disproportionate amount of time fixating on their bodies, working out, and performing tasks that are ego centered and self-directed. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. What Is Disordered Eating? Some People Develop Eating Disorders –Disordered eating—a pattern of atypical behaviors used to achieve or maintain a lower body weight –Eating disorder—A psychiatric disorder characterized by severe disturbances in body image and eating behaviors © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Eating Issues Continuum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Some People Develop Eating Disorders In the United States, about 10 percent or more of late adolescent and adult women report symptoms of eating disorders. In 2012, 1.9 percent of college students reported that they were dealing with either anorexia or bulimia. –Common among ballet dancers and athletes, particularly sports with an aesthetic component. Male sufferers are increasing, currently representing up to 25 percent of anorexia and bulimia patients. Many people with disordered eating are clinically depressed, have obsessive-compulsive disorder, or have other psychiatric problems. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Anorexia Nervosa A persistent, chronic eating disorder characterized by deliberate food restriction and severe, life-threatening weight loss. Estimates suggest that 0.3 percent of women suffer from anorexia nervosa in their lifetime. –Self-starvation –Distorted body image –Purging through vomiting or using laxatives © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. What Anorexia Can Do to the Body © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Anorexia Nervosa (cont.) The American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for anorexia nervosa are as follows: –Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight range for age and height –Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though considered underweight by all medical criteria –Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self- evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Bulimia Nervosa Individuals binge on huge amounts of food and then engage in purging, vomiting, or taking laxatives or exercising excessively to lose consumed calories. Bulimics may fall within normal weight range or they may be overweight. Up to 3 percent of adolescents and young women are bulimic; rates for men are about 10 percent of female rates. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. What Bulimia Can Do to the Body © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Bulimia Nervosa (cont.) The APA criteria for bulimia nervosa are as follows: –Recurrent episodes of binge eating –Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain –Binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors occur on average at least once a week for 3 months. –Body shape and weight unduly influence self- evaluation. –The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Binge-Eating Disorder Binge-eaters gorge but do not practice inappropriate compensatory behaviors and so may be clinically obese. Lifetime prevalence of binge-eating is 1.4 percent. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Binge-Eating Disorder (cont.) The APA criteria for binge-eating disorder are as follows: –Recurrent episodes of binge-eating –The binge-eating episodes are associated with three or more of the following: Eating much more rapidly than normal Eating until feeling uncomfortably full Eating large amounts of food when not hungry Eating alone due to embarrassment over quantity eaten Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating –Marked distress regarding binge-eating is present. –The binge-eating occurs, on average, at least once a week for 3 months. –The binge-eating is not associated with compensatory behavior. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) Some Eating Disorders Are Not Easily Classified –Some patterns of eating disorder do not fit into diagnostic criteria but are a legitimate psychiatric illness. –This group of disorders, eating disorders not otherwise specified, can include night eating syndrome or recurrent purging in the absence of binge-eating. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. ABC News Video: EDNOS: The Most Dangerous, Unheard of Eating Disorder Discuss Questions Discuss the signs and symptoms of EDNOS. Discuss types of treatment used to treat EDNOS. What are your reactions to the method of having the women in the treatment clinic eat foods that may not be the healthiest (i.e., pizza, Chinese food)? In your opinion, is this the best method of treatment? Why or why not? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Treatment for Eating Disorders Without treatment, about 20 percent of people with a serious eating disorder will die from it. With treatment, long-term recovery rates range from 44 to 76 percent for anorexia nervosa and 50 to 70 percent for bulimia nervosa. Treatment focuses on reducing threat to life and long-term therapy on the psychological, social, environmental, and physiological factors that have led to the problem. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. How Can You Help Someone with Disordered Eating? Learn as much as you can about the disorder. Know the difference between facts and myths. Be honest. Be caring, but firm. Compliment your friend's personality, successes, or accomplishments. Be a good role model. Tell someone. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Can Exercise Be Unhealthy? Some People Develop Exercise Disorders –Compulsive exercise is also called anorexia athletica. –It is characterized not by a desire to exercise but a compulsion to do so. –A person may struggle with guilt and anxiety if he or she doesn't work out. –Injuries to joints, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, broken bones, and stress on the heart occur. –People with this disorder are often plagued by anxiety and/or depression. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. ABC News Video: Young Boys Exercising to Extremes Discussion Questions Examine the concerns with the use of performance-enhancing supplements. What are reasons to steer young boys and girls away from taking a supplement? Discuss the influence of media on young men and women to achieve an ideal body image. Discuss whether or not you think there have been recent changes in the media that promote or add pressure to young men and women to achieve a perfect body. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. Muscle Dysmorphia A relatively new form of body image disturbance and exercise disorder among men occurs when a man believes that his body is insufficiently lean or muscular. Behaviors include comparing oneself unfavorably to others, frequently checking one's appearance in the mirror, and camouflaging one's appearance. Individuals with muscle dysmorphia are likely to use anabolic steroids and dietary supplements. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. The Female Athlete Triad The Female Athlete Triad Involves Three Interrelated Disorders –Low energy intake, typically prompted by disordered eating behaviors –Menstrual dysfunction such as amenorrhea –Poor bone density © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.