1. Cognitive control, hierarchy, & the rostro-caudal organization of the prefrontal cortex David Badre Department of Cognitive & Linguistic Sciences Department of Psychology Brown University

2. What does neural systems level data tell us? Action hierarchy may not require a hierarchical system Complex actions can be represented hierarchically Sandwich for lunch Make sandwichPack sandwich Slicing bread Spreading Mayonnaise Etc…

3. Action and the Frontal Lobes Frontal lobe dysfunction  Inability to organize or plan a sequence of behaviors (Shallice and Burgess, 1991)  Vulnerability to action slips (Schwartz et al., 1998)

4. Rostro-Caudal Axis of the Frontal Cortex Perception-Action cycle (Fuster, 1997; 2001; 2004) Human Neuroimaging Evidence  Relational complexity (Christoff & Gabrieli, 2000; Christoff et al., 2003)  Temporal organization of behavior (Koechlin et al., 2003; Koechlin & Jubault, 2006; Koechlin & Summerfield, 2007) Fuster, 2004

5. Talk Outline FMRI evidence of hierarchy along rostro-caudal PFC Disruption of PFC hierarchy Learning at different levels of PFC hierarchy

6. Prefrontal Cortex and Cognitive Control Cognitive control processes represent contextual information to bias relevant representations over competitors. Hypothesis 1: Manipulate control by varying competition Response 1Response 2 Cue Response 1Response 2 Cue 1Cue 2 Response 2Response 1 Cue 1Cue 2 Hypothesis 2: Regional differences in PFC are determined by the level of abstraction of competing action representations.

7. Level 1: Competition among Responses 1 2 3 4 Badre and D’Esposito, JOCN, 2007

8. Level 1: Competition among Responses 1 Response (no competition) 112 2 Responses 3 Response Levels 1234 4 Responses

9. Level 1: Competition among Responses -.4 0.4.8 123456789 1011 12 4 Responses 2 Responses 1 Response TR PSC Badre and D’Esposito, JOCN, 2007

10. Level 2: Competition among Features 1 1 - Positive 2 2 - Negative Features Badre and D’Esposito, JOCN, 2007

11. 3 Feature Levels Level 2: Competition among Features 1 Feature2 Features4 Features

12. Level 2: Competition among Features TR -.1 0.1.2 123456789 1011 12 4 Features 2 Features 1 Feature PSC

13. Level 3: Competition among Dimensions 1 1 - Match along relevant dimension 2 2 - Mismatch along relevant dimension Dimensions Orientation Texture Shape Size Badre and D’Esposito, JOCN, 2007

14. 3 Dimension Levels Level 3: Competition among Dimensions 1 Dimension Orientation Texture 2 Dimensions Shape Orientation Size Texture 4 Dimensions

15. Level 3: Competition among Dimensions -.2 0.2.4.6 123456789 1011 12 4 Dims 2 Dims 1 Dim TR PSC Badre and D’Esposito, JOCN, 2007

16. Level 4: Competition among “Contexts” Size TextureShapeOrientation Recent Instructions 3 Context Levels 100% mapping50% mapping25% mapping Badre and D’Esposito, JOCN, 2007

17. Level 4: Competition among “Contexts” 0.04.08 0.5.25 Mapping Frequency Sustained Adj iPSC

18. Interim Conclusions FMRI evidence of hierarchy along rostro-caudal PFC Disruption of PFC hierarchy – Hierarchical system in PFC engaged by competition in action system – Hierarchy ranked by level of abstraction of representations