1. Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms Chapter 10

2. Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms Myopathy - disease of muscles Myalgia - muscular pain Myositis - inflammation of muscular tissue Fibrositis - inflammation of connective tissue within a muscle Fibromyositis - inflammation of muscles and connective tissue

3. Contracture - painful, sustained shortening of fibers; muscles adjust to resting length of bent arm or leg; occur when an individual remains in bed for prolonged periods and muscles are not exercised Cramps - exercise causes intense afferent nerve stimulation, through accumulation of chemical or other causes; sustained spasm or tetanic contraction Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

4. Muscular dystrophy - slowly progressive atrophy; end result complete helplessness; cripples; most often in children, especially males; incurable; genetic; lack a protein dystrophin that helps maintain the sarcolemma Myasthenia gravis - skeletal muscles easily fatigues; decrease number of ACh receptors; autoimmune Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

5. Tenosynovitis - inflammation of tendons, sheaths and synovial membrane of joints gangrene - death of soft tissue, that results from interruption of its blood supply ischemia - compartment may swell, pressure becomes high, shuts off blood supply, nerve damage Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

6. Convulsions - strong involuntary contractions of entire muscle groups Spasm - an involuntary twitch, brief period of complete tetanus; chemical imbalance Pulled groin - strain affecting adductor muscles Muscle cramp - prolonged, involuntary and painful muscle contractions Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

7. Strain - tear or break in muscles Sprain - tear or breaks in ligaments or tendons trichinosis - invasion of muscles by parasitic worms that develop in pockets; from uncooked pork tetanus (lockjaw) - bacteria release toxin; involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle groups Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

8. Hyperkalemia - high extracellular K + concentration reduces the difference between the K + concentrations outside and inside; therefore, fewer K + diffuse out; membrane gradually depolarizes; paralysis of skeletal muscles; death by cardiac muscles Fibrosis - increasing amounts of fibrous tissue Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

9. Botulism - toxin from Clostridium botulinum - prevents release of ACh. Shin splints - inflammation of the dorsiflexor muscles over the anterior of the lower leg Charley horse - painful tear and contusion of a muscle; often the entire quadriceps group Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

10. Tennis elbow - inflammation at the origin of the extensor carpi muscles Atrophy - degeneration of muscle Hypertrophy - increase in size of muscle Paralysis - cessation of muscle contraction Curare - arrowhead poison; binds to ACh receptors and blocks ACh attachment Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

11. Calcium channel blockers - drugs that block transfer of Ca ++ ; inhibits muscle contraction; used to enhance blood flow through the heart by relaxing the wall of cardiac vessels (dilation) Volkmann’s contracture - permanent shortening of a muscle Tic – spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are voluntary Muscle Disorders and Clinical Terms

12. tremor – rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction that produces shaking fasciculation - involuntary, brief twitch of an entire motor unit that is visible hypertonia – increased muscle tone, either rigidity or spasticity hypotonia – decreased or lost muscle tone due to damage to motor neurons myomalacia – softening of a muscle