1. Social structure: Definition of community: is a network of human relationships and it is the major functioning unit of society. It is the place where our home is located, children are educated, sick people are treated and individuals basic needs and desires are met.

2. * No man is an island, from the time of birth until death, all normal human beings are part of a group, the family or community. Characteristics of a community: 1- The community is a contiguous geographical area. 2- It is composed of people living together. 3- People cooperate to satisfy their basic needs. 4- There are common organization e.g. markets, schools etc.

3. Classification of Social Differentiation

4. Social Class: People in community are differentiated by certain characteristics which they bear, and social class is closely bound up with way of life, attitudes, expectations and degree of stress. Social scientists used occupation widely as a mean of determining the level of social standing of an individual in a community.

5. Occupation is the major determinant of: 1. Economic rewards. 2. Extent of authority and rights. 3. Extent of responsibilities. 4. Degree of status. 5. Values and life styles.

6. Social class is determined according to occupation, the following: Occupational social classification is the most one used all over the world which is established in England and Wales: I- Professional occupation (doctors, lawyers). II- Intermediate occupation (managers, merchants). III N – Non manual skilled occupation (teachers, clerks) III M- Manual skilled occupation (carpenters, electricians). IV- Party skilled occupation (roof setting labors). V- unskilled occupation (laborers, cleaners).

7. Factors of Social class difference in health and diseases: I- Physical environment: the type of housing, overcrowding, access to safe water and clear air all have an important effect on health of human and actually these factors are differ in different social class. II – Difference in services provided: some people in lower social class are even un-doctored. III – Materials and resources: income, wealth, tools all are important factors for accessing a better health services.

8. Factors of Social class difference in health and diseases: IV – Genetic endowment: people in certain social class tends to marry in the same social class, which lead to increase probability of certain genetically determined diseases as e.g. thalassaemia. V – Educational status: illiteracy and ignorant all are known risk factors for certain diseases. VI – Attitude to diseases: It is found that middle social class are the most social class seeking for medical advice and treatment.

9. Perinatal mortality by social class 1980, England and Wales

10. Healthy life style: When the life style of an individual in the process of promoting the health. E.g. adequate nutrition, enough sleep, sufficient physical activity, smoke free society and reduction of stress.

11. Unhealthy life style: When the life style of an individual in the process of deteriorating the health. E.g. in western countries when life styles changed in middle 20th century, many medical problems raised as CHD, obesity, lung ca., and drug addiction.

12. Social organization: Social organization for any community is composed of different types of social relationships for different groups used for different purposes. The social groups to which people belong are the family, the kinship, the caste, religion, villages, cities and state. Besides there are certain functional groups such as club and various associations, as schools universities etc.

13. The Family: Definition: is the primary unit in all societies, it is a group of biologically related individuals living together and eating from a common Kitchen. (household not a family in that may not be blood related as servants).

14. The importance of the family in the community: As a biological unit, the family members share a pool of genes. As a social unit, they share a common physical and social environment. As a cultural unit, they reflects the wider society which determine the behaviors and attitudes of its members. As epidemiological unit, in providing social and medical services to its members. As a religious unit, It is the main core for continuation of religions. As a medical unit, within which usually, the first health care takes place. As a psychological unit, in both + and – way.

15. Family of origin: is the family in which one is born. Family of procreation: is the family which one sets up after marriage.

16. Family cycle and stress (critical occasions): 1. Structure: - Adolescence (juvenile delinquency) - First pregnancy (puerperal psychosis) - Menopause. - Retirement. 2. Childhood: - Insecurity. - Marital discord. - Prenatal rejection (paternal, maternal and dual). - Institutional rearing.

17. 3. Adolescence: - Drug abuse and addiction. - Inappropriate sex behaviors. - Alcoholism. - Crime. 4. Parenthood: - Death of one parent. - Single family headed by a woman. - Divorce. 5. Aging: - Mental illnesses. - Role of family in the life of elderly human. - Isolation.

18. Types of Families (structure): 1. Nuclear Family: is universal in all human societies. It consists of the married couple and their children while they are still regarded as dependents. They tend to occupy the same dwelling space. The husband usually play a dominant role in the household. New family: consists of parents and children under 10 years of initiation.

19. 2. Joint Family (extended family): is a kind of family grouping and more common in agricultural areas, it is characterized by: - In the same house, there are no. of married couples, all men are related by blood, all females are their wives, or unmarried girls or widows of the family kinsman. - All the property is held in common. All for each and each for All (socialistic). - All the authority for senior male of the family and subsequently for his wife. -The familial relations enjoy primacy over marital relations. - The motto is " union is strength".

20. 3. Three Generation family: - Three generation in the household. - Occurs when young couples fail to find separate house. 4- One-parent family. 5- Communal family. 6- Quasi-family. 7- Strange family of modern ages. (homosexual, Gay, Lesbian)

21. Types of Families (organization): 1- Composition: Monogamous, polygamous (polygyny, polyandry). 2- Method of inheritance: Patrilineal and matrilineal. 3- Type or residence: Patrilocal and matrilocal. 4- Type of authority: Patriarchy and matriarchy. Types of Families (organization): 1- Composition: Monogamous, polygamous (polygyny, polyandry). 2- Method of inheritance: Patrilineal and matrilineal. 3- Type or residence: Patrilocal and matrilocal. 4- Type of authority: Patriarchy and matriarchy.

22. 5. Broken family: - Divorce. - Widowed. - Both parents die. - Paternal, maternal or dual parent separation. 8. Problem families: those families lag below the minimum accepted level, both parents unable to meet physical and emotional needs of their children, the home life is utterly unsatisfactory, there is usually a personality and relationship problems, backwardness, poverty, illness, mental and emotional instability and marital disharmony. The child reared in such families are usually the victims of prostitution, crime and vagrancy. 5. Broken family: - Divorce. - Widowed. - Both parents die. - Paternal, maternal or dual parent separation. 8. Problem families: those families lag below the minimum accepted level, both parents unable to meet physical and emotional needs of their children, the home life is utterly unsatisfactory, there is usually a personality and relationship problems, backwardness, poverty, illness, mental and emotional instability and marital disharmony. The child reared in such families are usually the victims of prostitution, crime and vagrancy.

23. Functions of Family: 1. Residence: One of the major function of the family is to provide a clean and decent home to its member. 2. Division of labors: In primitive societies it is well established, but in modern society, there is no clear distinction. 3. Reproduction and bringing up of children.

24. 4. Socialization: Reproducing barbarian baby to socially acceptable person. 5. Economic function: Providing security from want. 6. Social care: - Giving status in the society to its members. - Protecting its member from insults. - Regulating marital activities of its members. - Controlling Religious and social activities. - Regulating sex relations through incest- taboos.

25. Family in health and disease: * Anyone who is concerned with medical practice will come to know that family is ultimately the unit with which one has to deal. Most Eastern societies characterized by Familialism. Most Western societies characterized by Individualism.