1. The Cooperative Principle 現代英語学 2011 年 5 月 27 日

2. 前提と意味論的含意 My sister is working at an ice cream shop. → I have a sister. She has arrived in Tokyo. → She is in Tokyo. NEGATION TEST

3. H. Sacks (1992) Lectures on Conversation. Blackwell. A: I have a fourteen year old son. B: Well, that ’ s all right. A: I also have a dog. B: Oh, I ’ m sorry.

4. conversational implicature （会話の含意） A: Can you tell me the time? B: Well, the milkman has come. Levinson 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge UP.

5. （自律的）言語学では A: Do you have the ability to tell me the time? B: [ 語用論的に解釈される不変化詞 ] the milkman came at some time prior to the time of speaking.

6. 語用論的には A: Do you have the ability to tell me the time of the present moment, as standardly indicated on a watch, and if so please do so tell me. B: No I don ‘ t know the exact time of the present moment, but I can provide some information from which you may be able to deduce the approximate time, namely the milkman has come.

7. 会話の含意 グライス（ Paul Grice ） Grice, Paul. 1975, "Logic and Conversation." In Peter Cole & Jerry Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics, Vol 3: Speech Acts. Academic Press. pp. 41 ­- 58. Steven Davis, 1991. Pragmatics: A Reader. Oxford University Press. に再 録

8. Grice のこの授業的な意義 いわないことまでなぜ伝わるのか 間接的なメッセージがなぜ伝わるのか 間接的な解釈のプロセスは

9. 含意の利用法 一般的含意 （ Generalized implicature) 意図的な含意の利用 （ Particularized implicature, Flouting)

10. Generalized implicature John has two PhDs. ??John has two PhDs but I don't believe this. Nigel has fourteen children. A: How did Harry fare in court the other day? B: Oh he got a fine. Alfred went to the store and bought some whisky.

11. FLOUTING (Quality) A: Teheran's in Turkey isn't it, teacher? B: And London's in Armenia I suppose. Queen Victoria was made of iron. A: What if the USSR blockades the Gulf and all the oil? B: Oh come now, Britain rules the seas!

12. FLOUTING (Quantity) If he does it, he does it. Either John will come or he won't.

13. FLOUTING (Relation) A: I do think Mrs Jenkins is an old windbag, don't you? B: Huh, lovely weather for March, isn't it?

14. FLOUTING (manner) A: Let's get the kids something. B: Okay, but I veto I ­ C ­ E C ­ R ­ E ­ A ­ M ­ S. Miss Singer sang an aria from Rigoletto. Miss Singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of an aria from Rigoletto.