2. Use free energy to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental conditions In order to survive, organisms need: Timing and Coordination

3. Diversity of life on Earth 6 kingdoms Organisms detect environment conditions Organisms communicate Endocrine, Immune, Nervous System Animal behaviors

4. Maintaining homeostasis

5. Negative feedback: returning the changing condition back to its target set point Ex: temperature regulation in animals Ex: plant responses to water limitations Positive feedback: amplification of a response by moving away from its set point. Ex:ripening of fruit Ex: labor in childbirth

6. Leads to harmful effects on individual Ex: diabetes

7. Respond to a changing environment by using energy to maintain homeostasis

8. Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms

10. Excretory system in flatworms earthworms and vertebrates Osmoregulation in bacteria fish and protists Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals

11. Using energy to respond to the environment to maintain homeostasis

12. Directed movement in response to stimulus toward attractant: food away deterent: poison Structure: flagellum

13. Bacteria expel proteins in normal lifecycle Populations increase other functions begin

14. When environment lacks specific nutrients, bacterial cell develops protective cell Genome is copied Water is removed Metabolism stops Original cell lysis Endospore endures Dormant for centuries

15. Using energy to respond to the environment to maintain homeostasis

16. Occur as a result of internal and external signals that synchronize with environmental cycles and cues Ex: fruiting body development in response to nutritional depletion

17. Using energy to respond to the environment to maintain homeostasis

18. Growth in response to light (positive) toward light shoots (negative) roots down Mechanism: auxin hormone

19. Response to timing of light Determine time of day/season Mechanism: phytochrome

20. Positive feedback mechanism Mechanism: Ethylene

21. Plants pass materials between cells

22. Physical defense: Thorns, trichomes Chemical defense: Glycosides Symbiotic defense: Recruitment of animals

23. Flower development https://vimeo.com/75555419

24. C4 plants

25. Using energy to respond to the environment to maintain homeostasis

27. Contact Plant Cells Short Distance Contact Animal Cells Long Distance

28. Hormones (Endocrine System) Antigens (Immune System) Neurotransmitters (Nervous System)

30. http://www.dnatube.com/video/1113/The-Endocrine- System-How-it-Functions http://www.dnatube.com/video/1113/The-Endocrine- System-How-it-Functions

32. Molecules produced by endocrine cells Typically travel through circulatory system

35. Medicine: Birth control Depression Blood pressure Metabolism

37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s

40. Defenses that activate immediately upon infection

41. Organism Barrier: Chitinous exoskeleton Cellular: Hemocytes ingest bacteria Molecular: Lysozyme enzymes break cell walls

42. Organism Barrier: Skin Cellular: Neutrophils and macrophages Molecular: Interferon & 30 protein complement system

43. Histamine and citokine signals trigger capillaries to dilate

44. Vertebrate defenses remembered after initial exposures

45. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3M0vU3Dv8E

47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA

58. http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/s tudent_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_impu lse.html http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/s tudent_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_impu lse.html

60. Response of a muscle or gland under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus Innate vs. Learned

61. Kinesis Random movement in response to stimulus Ex: Paramecium slow down and turn more often in the presence of bacteria (food)

62. Taxis Direct movement toward/away from stimulus Ex: American Cockroach hides from light

63. Detection of light to set internal clock Mechanism: pineal gland detecting sunlight

64. Regular long distance change in location Mechanism (in birds) Magnetite in brain to visualize magnetic field

65. Lowering of metabolism to survive seasons

66. Honeybees perform the waggle dance to communicate the location of food sources

67. Pheromones Ex: alarm or reproductive

69. Pack behavior in animals

70. A loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information Ex: prairie dog alarm call in human presence

71. Ability to associate one environmental feature with another Ex: Mouse associates color/taste

72. The process of recognizing and following the first moving object encountered during a “sensitive period” of life (learned/innate)

73. Scientists often wear costumes to prevent human imprinting with endangered species

74. The process of knowing by awareness, reasoning, recollection & judgment. Ex: primates learn how to use tools