1. Practical Session 8

2. Position Independent Code- self sufficiency of combining program Position Independent Code (PIC) program has everything it needs internally PIC can be placed somewhere in memory, executes properly regardless of its absolute address PIC can be added to any other program, without fear that it might not work

3. No direct usage of labels Only relative jumps (“call”) One section only No library functions only system calls Position Independent Code- requirements

4. No direct usage of labels Labels are resolved by the assembler and linker at compile time to an absolute address. If the code is moved (in an appropriate section), the absolute address that was calculated before the moving wont be correct any more.

5. No direct usage of labels An absolute address of STR1 and STR2 would be resolved based on the relative address of STR1 and STR2 in.rodata section (which may change if all the code would be moved)

6. We can use only relative jumps because the code we wish to jump to may change its position. If all the code changes its position, relative jumps are still valid, because the address difference is preserved. We can use “call” instruction because it makes a relative jump to the function (which means that the new IP (after “call”) will be the old IP (before “call”) plus a number (may be negative) with was the address difference of the two places calculated by the assembler). Only relative jumps

7. Only relative jumps - example The first column (from the left) is simply the line number in the listing and is otherwise meaningless The second column is the relative address, in hex, of where the code will be placed in memory The third column is the actual compiled code For the normal type of call in 32- bit mode (relative near call), the binary code for ‘CALL myFunc’ is the opcode E8 followed by a 4-byte value that specifies the target address, relative to the next instruction after the call.  Address of myFunc label = 0x1F  Address of the next instruction after the call (i.e. ‘mov [answer], eax’) is 0xA  0x1F-0xA=0x15, and we get exactly the binary code written here ‘E815000000’

8. One section only We put all the code in a single section –.text (read- only) or.data (read-write). Both.text and.data sections may contain any valid assembly instruction. Usage of a single section gives us a possibility to calculate a difference between each pair of code instructions, and thus execute relative jumps.

9. No library functions only system calls We don’t know if and where the library functions are.Thus there are no “printf” “gets” and so on… To perform I/O operation we have to use the Linux system calls because INT 0x80 isn’t a regular procedure - it is called via the interrupt table which is static.

10. Since ‘call’ instruction executes a relative jump, we may ‘call’ functions that are defined in PIC ‘call’ instruction pushes the return address at run-time Thus we may calculate a run-time address of any label relatively to ‘call’ return address Finding a code address at run-time

11. get_my_loc function gets the address of ‘next_i’ label at run-time get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx ret

12. section.text name: db "Moshe",10,0 nameLen equ $ - name global _start get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx ret _start: call get_my_loc sub edx, next_i – name mov ecx, edx mov edx, nameLen mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 int 80h mov eax, 1 int 80h ESP stack Using strings – PIC example

13. section.text name: db "Moshe",10,0 nameLen equ $ - name global _start get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx ret _start: call get_my_loc sub edx, next_i – name mov ecx, edx mov edx, nameLen mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 int 80h mov eax, 1 int 80h ESP address of ‘sub edx, next_i-name’ stack Using strings – PIC example

14. section.text name: db "Moshe",10,0 nameLen equ $ - name global _start get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx ret _start: call get_my_loc sub edx, next_i – name mov ecx, edx mov edx, nameLen mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 int 80h mov eax, 1 int 80h ESP address of ‘sub edx, next_i-name’ address of ‘next_i’ stack Using strings – PIC example

15. section.text name: db "Moshe",10,0 nameLen equ $ - name global _start get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx; edx gets ‘next_i’ address ret _start: call get_my_loc sub edx, next_i – name mov ecx, edx mov edx, nameLen mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 int 80h mov eax, 1 int 80h ESP address of ‘sub edx, next_i-name’ stack Using strings – PIC example

16. section.text name: db "Moshe",10,0 nameLen equ $ - name global _start get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx ret ; EIP gets address of ‘sub edx, next_i-name’ _start: call get_my_loc sub edx, next_i – name mov ecx, edx mov edx, nameLen mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 int 80h mov eax, 1 int 80h ESP stack Using strings – PIC example

17. section.text name: db "Moshe",10,0 nameLen equ $ - name global _start get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx ret _start: call get_my_loc sub edx, next_i – name ; edx = ‘next_i’ address – (‘next_i’ address – ‘name’ address) mov ecx, edx mov edx, nameLen mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 int 80h mov eax, 1 int 80h Using strings – PIC example the address difference between “next_i” and “name” is constant even if the code changes it’s position

18. section.text name: db "Moshe",10,0 nameLen equ $ - name global _start get_my_loc: call next_i next_i: pop edx ret _start: call get_my_loc sub edx, next_i – name mov ecx, edx mov edx, nameLen mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 int 80h mov eax, 1 int 80h Using strings – PIC example why we may use ‘nameLen’ label directly ?

19. Using strings – PIC example 0x0C = ‘next_i’ – ‘name’ >nasm -f elf sample.s -l sample.lst