1. Announcements Exam review in class Wednesday. Midterm exam #1 Friday. More on exam format Wednesday. Lab groups 2A and 2B pick up kits after lecture today. If you’re in group 1A or 2A and didn’t receive supplementary sheets see me or TAs. Missing clickers: If you sign in for a missing clicker, get attendance for that day + attendance participation points only.

2. In a black and white infrared satellite image, a marine stratocumulus cloud would appear: A) Bright white only during the day B) Bright white both day and night C) Dull gray only during the day D) Dull gray both day and night

3. NATS 101 Section 4: Lecture 12 Stability and Cloud Development

4. Summary of Lecture 11 High (mostly ice) Above 23,000 ft. Cirrus (Ci) Cirrostratus (Cs) Cirrocumulus (Cc) Middle (ice + liquid) 6500-23,000 ft. Altostratus (As) Altocumulus (Ac) Low (mostly liquid) Below 6500 ft. Stratus (St) Stratocumulus (Sc) Nimbostratus (Ns) Vertically developed Can extend upwards of 39,000 ft. Cumulus (Cu) Cumulonimbus (Cb) Unusual clouds: Lenticular, pileus, mammatus, billow, nacreous, noctilucent, contrails. Clouds are detected by satellites using visible or infrared imagery.

5. Last time we looked at all the various types of clouds. Today we will get some insights on how the clouds reflect the thermodynamic characteristics of the atmosphere.

6. A “Parcel” of Air In the case of the atmosphere, our “object” is not a rock but a parcel of air. Characteristics of air parcel Volume which expands and contracts freely Does not break apart Does not interact with the surrounding environment and remains a single unit. Parcel has temperature, density, and pressure Pressure in the parcel is equal to the pressure outside. PARCEL T, ρ, P

7. The First Law of Thermodynamics as applied to air parcel Energy exchange with the surrounding environment (heating or cooling) = Change in parcel volume (work done) + Change in parcel temperature (internal energy) Expansion or Compression Cooling or Warming

8. Adiabatic process No exchange of heat with surroundings = Change in parcel volume (work done) + Change in parcel temperature (internal energy) Expansion or Compression Cooling or Warming 0

9. Temperature decreases decreases ADIABATIC EXPANSION Parcel rising ADIABATIC COMPRESSION Parcel sinking Temperatureincreases

11. In the atmosphere, the rate of adiabatic warming or cooling remains constant. Dry Adiabatic Lapse rate = 9.8 °C per km

12. Dry Adiabats on a Skew-T, Log P Diagram If the temperature curve follows a dry adiabat, temperature is decreasing at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 9.8 °C per kilometer. Dry Adiabat (Isentrope)

13. But in the real atmosphere the temperature profile is rarely dry adiabatic What very important process have we not accounted for?

14. Latent Heat Release by Condensation T1T1 Temperature LESS than dew point Parcel unsaturated. DRY ADIABATIC PROCESS LAPSE RATE = 9.8 °C per km T2T2 Temperature AT the dew point Parcel saturated and RH = 100% Condensation RELEASES latent heat and warms the parcel. T 1 < T 2 MOIST ADIABATIC PROCESS LAPSE RATE < 9.8 °C per km

15. The moist adiabatic lapse rate is NOT constant, but varies with temperature and moisture content. It approaches the dry adiabatic lapse rate when temperature gets very cold. Why?

16. Moist Adiabats on a Skew-T, Log P Diagram Moist Adiabat Moist adiabats are also called psuedoadiabats. COLD AND DRY WARM AND MOIST

17. Another Flashback: Why is the lapse rate the way it is in the troposphere? inversion isothermal 6.5 o C/km Because there is condensation, the average lapse rate is 6.5 °C per kilometer in the troposphere—and not the dry adiabatic lapse rate.

18. Recap of possibilities for the parcel 1. Parcel rising and no condensation: Temperature decreases at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 9.8 °C per kilometer 2. Parcel rising, saturated, and there is condensation: Temperature decreases at the moist adiabatic lapse rate, about 6 °C per kilometer. 3. Parcel sinking : Temperature increases at the dry adiabatic lapse rate, since the parcel is warming and no condensation is taking place.

19. Concept of Stability Stability refers to the tendency of an object to return to its original position when disturbed. The classic example in physics is the rock at the bottom of the top of the hill.

20. Concept of Stability—one more possibility for the rock. Absolutely Stable Absolutely Unstable Conditionally Unstable

21. Stability and Buoyancy In the atmosphere, the stability is related to the buoyancy, the upward force exerted on the air parcel by virtue of the temperature difference between the parcel and the surrounding air. Tparcel PARCELCOOLERPARCELWARMER PARCELWARMER ONLY IF CONDENSATION ABSOLUTELY STABLE ABSOLUTELY UNSTABLE CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE We determine which conditions exists in the atmosphere by the environmental lapse rate.

22. Environmental Lapse Rate (Γ) Refers to the change in observed temperature with height, as recorded for example by a radiosonde. TEMPERATURE

23. Absolutely Stable UNSATURATEDSATURATED Environmental lapse rate less than moist adiabatic lapse rate or about 6°C per km. Air resists upward motion Force must be applied to a parcel so it can rise If clouds form, they will spread out horizontally.

24. Clouds in a Stable Environment RADIATION FOG STRATUS NIBMOSTRATUS Forms in inversion caused by surface radiational cooling. The inversion acts like a “lid” Form because air is being forced up and over something, for example a front or terrain barrier.

25. Absolutely Unstable UNSATURATEDSATURATED Environmental lapse rate greater than dry adiabatic lapse rate or about 10° C per km Air does not resist upward motion. This condition is rare in the atmosphere and usually occurs in air that is just above the ground on a hot, sunny day. Also called superadiabatic.

26. Conditionally Unstable Environmental lapse rate between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rate or between 6°C and 10°C per km. Air does not resist upward motion if condensation is occurring. Unlike the absolute unstable case, this condition can happen a lot in the atmosphere!

27. Clouds in a Conditionally Unstable Environment Cumulus Humilis Cumulus Congestus Cumulonimbus Basically any type of cumulus cloud indicates conditional instability somewhere in the atmosphere. What process of heat transfer is happening here?

28. Causes of Instability in the Atmosphere Occurs by any process which increases the environmental lapse rate. Cooling Aloft Winds bringing in colder air Clouds (radiational cooling) Warming of the surface Daytime solar heating Winds bringing in warmer air Air moving over a warm surface.

29. Diurnal Cycle What time(s) of day would you expect to see clouds like these in Arizona during the monsoon? Why?

30. Causes of Cloud Development We’ll talk only about these two today, and save the other ones till we talk about fronts and weather systems.

31. Cloud development by convection Convection starts with rising bubbles of warm air or thermals. When these reach the point in the atmosphere where RH =100% a cloud begins to form. RH = 100% Lifting

32. How deep convection is depends on how far up the instability goes in the atmosphere Cumulus humilisCumulus congestusCumulonimbus Conditionally unstable in a shallow layer Conditionally unstable about midway through troposphere Conditionally unstable nearly to the tropopause

33. Cloud development by topography: Orographic uplift Lifting condensation level Typical on the windward side of mountain slopes

34. PRISM Precipitation Product

35. Cloud development by topography: Mountain wave clouds Air forced to rise over a mountain and/or the presence topography causes a lee wave in the atmosphere. Responsible for lenticular clouds.

36. Lenticular cloud caused by lee waves in Boulder, Colorado (UCAR image). Lee wave clouds are a common occurrence in on the Colorado Front Range during the winter months.

37. Summary of Lecture 12 An adiabatic process is a process that takes place without a transfer of heat between the system (parcel) and its surroundings. Adiabatic expansion leads to cooling and adiabatic compression leads to warming. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is 9.8 °C per kilometer. atmosphere condensation is important, and this releases heat and warms the air, so the environmental lapse rate is typically less (e.g. 6.5 °C per kilometer) Stability refers to the tendency of an object to return to its original position when disturbed. In the atmosphere this is related to the buoyancy. Absolutely stable: Air resists upward motion. Results in flat, spread out clouds. Absolutely unstable: Air does not resist upward motion. Rare in the atmosphere Conditionally unstable: Air does not resist upward motion if condensation is occurring. Results in vertically developed clouds. Convective clouds are caused by warm air rising which condenses. How deep the convection goes depends on the depth of instability. Topography can cause clouds to form by orographic lift or mountain waves

38. Reading Assignment and Review Questions Reading: Chapter 7 (after exam 1, following Wed.) Chapter 6 Review Questions: Questions for Review: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,18,19 Questions for Thought: 2