1. SINO RELATIONS First With Russia Then With America

2. BACKGROUND OF CHINA  1949, CCP victory  Always tension with Russia  Had lost territory to them in 1800s  Seized Mongolia after WWII  Key differences are ideological  Peasants versus workers  Stalin  Feared Mao as a rival  Did not want the Cold War in Asia  Knew GMD would have been easier to deal with, though they were stronger  Mao convinced Stalin wanted him weak  Sino-Soviet Treaty in 1950  Technology and military assistance

3. THE 1950S  Korean War  America came close to Chinese border, PRC sent troops in with limited Soviet assistance  Improvement of relations when Stalin dies in 1953, end of Korea  Issues during time of Khrushchev  De-Stalinization speech  Crushing of Hungarian uprising  Peaceful co-existence with the West  Showed Mao Soviets were straying from Marxism

4. 1950S  Conference of Communist Parties in 1957  Mao criticized détente with the West  Secretary General Deng Xiaoping, leading spokesman, very effective  Thought to be real leaders  Unproductive visit of Khrushchev to Beijing in 1958  Deng portrayed Soviets as traitors and false representation, had been spying on China  Taiwan  Mao tests U.S. in 1958, no Soviet support  Soviet economic advisers removed

5. GREAT LEAP FORWARD  Initiated by Mao in 1958  Grain and steel production  Backyard furnaces, took attention away from harvests  1959, Lushan Conference, Marshal Peng Dehuai spoke out against GLF, removed  Millions died as a result, ended in 1961  Total economic disaster  Soviets revelled in this failure, Mao wanted to strike back  Did so with Albania, rigidly Stalinist, Khrushchev had criticized them  Final severance  Name calling, Mao an Asian Hitler, Living Corpse, Khrushchev Redundant Old Boot

6. OTHER CRISES  Sino-Indian War in 1962 over Tibetan border  Soviets actually gave fighter planes to India  Americans gained access in India  Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962  Mao openly critical of Khrushchev  Placement of detectable missiles  Backing down  View on US imperialism  Thought Soviets to be betraying relationship

7. CULTURAL REVOLUTION  1966, Mao wanted revive class struggle, relaunch of himself  Main targets were the young, attacks on old culture got out of hand  Continued isolation of China at this time by USSR, said Mao was creating anarchy

8. NUCLEAR WEAPONS  Mao believed nuclear war was unavoidable  Khrushchev still seeking peaceful co-existence  Mao argued Soviets going soft  Had asked for nuclear technology  Soviets wanted control of China’s defense policy, no  China first atomic bomb in 1964  Did not need Soviet support  Soviets begin to worry

9. BREZHNEV  Become leader after Khrushchev in 1964  Stalinist foreign policy, no improvement  Satellite states had to accept foreign leadership  1968, Soviet tanks crush Prague Spring  Mao condemned action, thought similar force may be used against him

10. SINO-SOVIET BORDER WAR 1969  Low point in relationship  Troop buildup throughout 60s  Actual fighting in March, by August possibility of all-out war  Danger of nuclear conflict  Intensification of the rivalry to be leading Communist nation

11. INDOCHINA  PRC in Indochina Peace Talks  Moral and diplomatic support to Ho Chi Minh  Struggle between China and Soviets to gain support for their ideology  Soviets victorious  Pol Pot takes power in Cambodia in 1975  Vietnam (Soviet) invaded Cambodia, (China)  China invaded Vietnam, intending to take pressure off of Cambodia

12. SINO-SOVIET RAPPROACHMENT  Relaxation of tensions  Mao’s death in 1976  Overthrow of anti-Soviet Gang of Four  Deng Xiaoping’s tolerance  Brezhnev’s death in 1982  Diplomatic formalities renewed, still problems  Soviet invasion of Afghanistan  Soviet troops on the border  Soviet support of Vietnam  Gorbachev in 1985, new trade agreements  1988 cultural exchange agreement

13. SINO-SOVIET RAPPROACHMENT  Chinese pro-democracy movement in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in 1989  Gorbachev currently implementing perestroika and glasnost  Economic reforms under Deng, not political ones  Deng thought the CCP was necessary for economy  May, hunger strike began two days before scheduled Gorbachev visit  Then one million people protesting in the streets  Deng orders them fired upon, thousands killed  No international ramifications  May have been the right stance, Soviet Union collapsed in 1991  China did not use new role

14. BACKGROUND TO SINO-AMERICAN RELATIONS  Aid to China against Japan, but then aid to GMD  Refused to recognized PRC  Taiwan given seat at the UN

15. INCREASING TENSION  Tibet  US condemned cultural genocide  Korean War  Mao condemned America, called them imperialist invaders  Warned of intervention  Had already sent in ‘volunteers’  MacArthur crossed over 38 th parallel and the PRC declared war  Open conflict, Mao less in awe of US  Probably brought more support to CCP

16. INCREASING TENSION  Taiwan key  1953, PRC not attempted to take well-defended Taiwan  1954, Mao tests commitment, Ike responds strongly  Again in 1958  American containment  Trade embargo  PRC blocked from UN  Aid to Taiwan and region  SEATO and defense

17. SINO-AMERICAN COLD WAR  US used failures of GLF to highlight differences  Key issues in 1960s  Taiwan  Vietnam  DecolonizationCultural Revolution  Improvement in Sino-American relations only possible with Taiwan issue solved  Vietnam an example of American imperialism  Role in decolonization around the world  Cultural Revolution seen as fanatic

18. Sino-American Détente 1970s  1969, US eased trade restrictions  Patrols of Taiwan Straits halted  Era of ping-pong diplomacy  Nixon’s visit in 1972  Why for US  Vietnam  Example for Soviet-American détente  Nixon’s role in history  Public support for USA after Vietnam  Dangerous not to have contact with ICBMS  Why for China  USSR had become rival  Gain foreign policy victories  Worried about Japan  Improved standing with Third World

19. HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WA TCH?V=N5V9SP_NDCM The Week That Changed The World

20. WHAT WAS GAINED  For China  US had always maintained opposition to China in UN, in 1971 it happens  China gained access to world  Nixon’s recognition  Full diplomatic relations in 1979  Will deteriorate with Reagan  Led to relationship with Japan  For US  Helped with removal in Vietnam  Wider contacts, decreased hostility in Asia

21. END OF THE COLD WAR  Importance of China changed over time  Grew with nuclear status  Tiananmen Square led to condemnation, nothing further  1990, Russia withdrew forces from Pacific  America did not renew bases in Philippines  PRC alone in Asia, leader of communism  China focused on economy, not ideology  Most favoured nation status with US  Trade booming

23. POTENTIAL PAPER 2 QUESTIONS  What were the turning point events that kept relations between the Soviet Union and the PRC hostile for over 20 years?  Why was there a Sino-American détente in the 1970s?