1. Unit 10: Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 21 – Sections 1,2,3,4,5 … Quiz 1 Chapter 22 – Sections 1,2,3 … Quiz 2 Chapter 23 – Sections 1,2,3,4,5 … Quiz 3 Test 1 Chapter 24 – Sections 1,2,4 … Quiz 4 Chapter 25 – Sections 1,2,4 … Quiz 5 Test 2

2. Chp/secWordDefinitionPicture 21.11) Divine right 21.22) Edict of Nantes 3) Skepticism 21.34) Thirty Years’ War 5) Seven Years’ War 21.46) Boyars 7) Westernization 21.58) Restoration 9) Habeas corpus 10) Constitutional monarchy

3. Chapter 21: Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500-1800

4. Section 1: Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

6. Spain’s Powerful Empire Philip II’s Empire – inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies in 1556 Seized Portugal in 1580 and its holdings (parts of Africa, India, and the East Indies) This made Philip II and Spain very wealthy Defender of Catholicism – Philip II defended Catholicism from Muslims and Protestants 1571 – Battle of Lepanto to expel the Ottoman Muslims 1588 – launched the Spanish Armada against Protestant England This loss weakened Spain but it still maintained the appearance of wealth Ex: Philip’s gray, granite palace, the Escorial Golden Age of Spanish Art – during the 16 th and 17 th centuries Don Quixote – Example of Spanish Golden Age

7. Problems Weaken the Spanish Empire Causes of Spain’s Inflation and Taxes: Increase in population leads to a rise in prices Increase in silver led to a decrease in value Expelled Jewish and Muslim businessmen Nobles did not pay taxes – Spain can’t develop a middle class Making Spain’s Enemies Rich Old-fashioned business methods led to reliance on foreign nations for goods Borrowed money from foreign nations to finance wars The Dutch Revolt Philip II tried to squash Protestantism in the Spanish Netherlands By 1579 the Dutch had won their independence from Spain

8. The Independent Dutch Prosper Dutch Trading Empire: Supplied grain and timber to the rest of Europe for huge profit Largest fleet of ships Become the bankers of Europe Religious tolerance Dutch Art – in the 1600s the Dutch experience their own Renaissance

9. Absolutism in Europe The Theory of Absolutism – at this time there is a rise in absolute monarchs in Europe European rulers embracing the divine right of kings Growing Power of Europe’s Monarchs Monarchs used new wealth from colonies to pay for their ambitions Church authority broke down as a result of the reformation Crisis Lead to Absolutism The rule of absolute monarchs leads to controlled and unhappy citizenry which leads to multiple rebellions

10. Section 2: France’s Ultimate Monarch

11. Religious Wars Create a Crisis Henry of Navarre – Becomes king of France in 1589 and begins the Bourbon dynasty Converts to Catholicism for the sake of peace among his people Edict of Nantes in 1598 ushers in religious tolerance in France Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu – Louis XIII becomes king in 1610 Louis XIII is a weak ruler until he appointed Cardinal Richelieu in 1624 Cardinal Richelieu weakens the nobility and strengthens France Writers express Skepticism – The many religious wars in France leads many to embrace skepticism Skepticism: the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain.

12. Louis XIV Rules Absolutely Louis XIV, the boy king – becomes king in 1643 at the age of 5 Cardinal Mazarin advises him until 1661 (age 23), helps end the Thirty Years’ War and make France most powerful country in Europe Louis Takes Control – weakened power of nobles and trusted his intendants who collected taxes and administered justice; keeping control in his hands Economic Growth Mercantilism the reigning economic theory Jean Baptiste Colbert tried to make France self-sufficient

13. Louis’s Grand Style Louis Controls the Nobility from his palace of Versailles The Splendor of Versailles Patronage of the Arts – Versailles was a center of the arts during Louis’ reign Art shifts to glorify the king and promote values that supported Louis’s absolute rule.

14. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars Attempts to Expand France’s Boundaries 1667 Louis invaded Spanish Netherlands 1672 invaded Dutch Netherlands By the end of the 1680s, a European-wide alliance had formed to stop France War of the Spanish Succession Louis XIV’s grandson becomes king of Spain in 1700 The War of Spanish Succession begins in 1701 between Spain and France against England, Austria, the Dutch republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states Ended in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht Louis’s Death and Legacy – he died in 1715 regretting that his wars had ruined France

15. Section 3: Central European Monarchs Clash

16. The Thirty Years’ War Bohemian Protestants Revolt – the protestants in Bohemia did not trust their emperor, Ferdinand II who was foreigner and a Catholic This ignited the 30 years war between Protestants and Catholics in central Europe (1618-1648) The conflict was about religion, territory, and power among European ruling families Hapsburg Triumphs – dominated the first 12 years of fighting in favor of the Catholics Hapsburg Defeats – The protestants dominated the last half thanks to Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and Cardinal Richelieu of France (in it for political reasons not religious)

17. The Thirty Years’ War cont. Peace of Westphalia – (1648) ended the war and … 1.Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria 2.Strengthened France 3.Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire 4.Ended religious wars in Europe 5.Introduced new method of peace negotiations Beginning of Modern States – This recognized Europe as a group of independent states that could negotiate for themselves

19. Central Europe Differs from the West Economic Contrasts – Central Europe was still very “middle ages” in its approach to serfs, merchants and economics in general This stifled them in terms of their ability to grow economically Several Weak Empires – serfs and kings were limited by landowning nobles There was a lack of power that would soon be filled by absolute monarchs Austria Grows Stronger – After 30 years war is still the strongest state within the Holy Roman Empire The Hapsburgs of Austria become an absolute monarchy Maria Theresa inherits the Austrian Throne – Charles IV persuaded other leaders of Europe to recognize his daughter Maria Theresa as his successor upon his death

21. Prussia and Austria Clash The Rise of Prussia and Frederick the Great – Frederick II becomes a military leader similar to his father War of the Austrian Succession Frederick wanted Austria’s land of Silesia Maria Theresa, joined by the Hungarians, fought Prussia to keep it Britain sided with Prussia The Seven Years’ War – France joined Maria Theresa and the Austrians The result is an alliance between Austria, France, Russia against Britain and Prussia Fought in Europe, India, and N.A. Britain ends up the big winner

22. Section 4: Russian Czars Increase Power

23. From Ivan to the Romanovs The First Czar – Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, came to the throne when he was only 3-years-old in 1533 Declared himself czar at 16 Married Anastasia of the old boyar family, the Romanovs Ivan’s “good period” (1547-1560), he won great victories, added lands, gave Russia a code of law, and ruled justly Rule by Terror – Ivan’s “bad period” began 1560 after his wife died Organized a private police force to hunt down “traitors” Thousands of people died; He ended up killing his eldest son, Ivan died 3 years later in 1584 Rise of the Romanovs - After Ivan’s death Russia went through the “Time of Troubles” until they selected a new czar from the Romanovs in 1613

24. Peter the Great Takes the Throne Russia’s Differences from Europe Russia was physically, intellectually, and spiritually isolated from Europe Russia’s only seaport was choked with ice much of the year When Peter I came to power Russia was a land of boyars and serfs Russia was still adhered to Eastern (Russian) Orthodox Christianity Peter Visits the West – In 1697 Peter I visits Western Europe to learn about their customs and technology Peter I is convinced that Russia needs a warm-water seaport to compete with Europe

25. Peter Rules Absolutely Peter’s Reforms – Peter I becomes an absolute ruler Peter resolved that Russia should and would compete with Europe both in military and commercial terms Creates Synod to run the Church Modernized army (needed to raise taxes to do this) Westernizing Russia Introduces potatoes Started Russia’s first newspaper Raised women’s status Shift to western fashions A New Capital – Peter moves the capital to St. Petersburg (swampy area) because of its location, provide accessible seaport to the west

26. Section 5: Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

27. Monarchs Clash with Parliament James’s Problems – James Stuart, king of Scotland, cousin to the childless Queen Elizabeth, becomes king of England inherits Queen Elizabeth’s debt Believed it was his divine right to be an absolute ruler Clashed with Parliament, especially on issues of money James was a Calvinist and clashed with the Puritans However, he agreed to a new translation of the Bible Charles I Fights Parliament – Charles would dissolve Parliament when they would deny his requests for money Signed Petition of Right but ignored it.

28. English Civil War War Topples a King – English Civil War fought from 1642-1649 between Charles I’s supporters known as Cavaliers and Puritans in support of Parliament The puritans won following the lead of Oliver Cromwell Charles I was tried, found guilty and sentenced to death Cromwell’s Rule – abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and established a commonwealth (a republican form of government) Eventually becomes a military dictator Leads/rules England from 1649-1658 (his death) Puritan Morality – becomes law of the land Cromwell favored religious tolerance for all Christians except Catholics

30. Restoration and Revolution Charles II Reigns – Charles II (older son of Charles I) restores the monarchy in 1660 (this period becomes known as the Restoration) Eliminated Puritan laws of morality Parliament guarantees habeas corpus – rights of the accused in regard to trial James II and the Glorious Revolution Charles II’s brother James becomes king in 1685 James II flaunts his Catholicism Parliament offers the throne to James II’s oldest daughter, Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) In 1688, James II fled to France This bloodless transition of royalty is known as the Glorious Revolution.

31. Political Changes Bill of Rights - William (of Orange) and Mary (II) vow to govern along side Parliament England thus becomes a constitutional monarchy Parliament drafts “Bill of Rights” in 1689 to make clear the limits on royal power Cabinet System Develops - To prevent a government standstill between Parliament and the monarchy the cabinet system was adopted The cabinet was comprised of representatives of the majority party in Parliament led by a Prime minister for the purpose of linking the Parliament and the monarchy. Over time the cabinet has become the center of power and policymaking in England.