1. Understanding the Role Microphysics Plays in Understanding the Role Microphysics Plays in Convective Transport of Ice into the UTLS Paul Lawson and Sarah Woods (SPEC) Melody Avery (NASA), Roelof Bruintjes and Hugh Morrison (NCAR) SEAC 4 RS Workshop April 29, 2015

2. “We Just Need to Know What Goes in at the Base and Out the Top” ? The “Black Box” doesn’t matter. Maritime Clouds Produce Large Drops, Glaciate Rapidly, Produce Heavy Rainfall and Transport Relatively Less Ice into the UTLS Mid-Latitude Continental Clouds Don’t Produce Large Drops, Glaciate Slowly and Transport Relatively More Ice into the UTLS

3. Instrumentation on the SPEC Learjet

4. Data Collected by Learjet Investigations of the Microphysics of Maritime, Quasi-Maritime, Quasi-Continental and Mid-Latitude Continental Convective Clouds  ICE-T in the Caribbean (Maritime).  SEAC 4 RS over Gulf of Mexico (Quasi-Maritime) and Southeast U.S. (Quasi-Continental)  Navy Projet in NE Colorado/SE Wyoming (Mid- Latitude Continental).

8. Mid-Latitude Continental -9 to +5  C 636 cc -1 NHRE and Lear Colorado 2014 Southeast US Quasi-Continental +18  C 470 cc -1 SEAC 4 RS Gulf Coast Quasi-Maritime +18  C 215 cc -1 SEAC 4 RS Caribbean Maritime +22  C 89 cc -1 ICE-T It all Starts at Cloud Base

9. Quasi-Continental - 8  C Updraft (SEAC 4 RS) Quasi-Continental - 8  C Updraft (SEAC 4 RS) 1 mm Maritime - 8  C Updraft (ICE-T) Maritime - 8  C Updraft (ICE-T) Mid-Latitude Continental Continental Quasi-Maritime - 8  C Updraft (SEAC 4 RS) Quasi-Maritime - 8  C Updraft (SEAC 4 RS)

10. Ex First Ice Penetration: 2 g m -3 LWC, Millimeter Drops, Very Low Concentration of Small Ice 3 min Later: Rapid Glaciation, Millimeter Drops Frozen. 4 min Later: Cloud Nearly Glaciated - Only Small Supercooled Drops Remain.

11. Summary of Average Measurments from 54 Summary of Average Measurments from 54 ICE-T Learjet Updraft Core Penetrations

12. Why is there a Correlation Between Why is there a Correlation Between Large Supercooled Drops and Rapid Glaciation? Thomas Leisner Lab Results: 200,000 fps Photos of 80 m m Electrostatically Suspended Drops at – 10  C

13. Details of the Rapid Ice Formation Process and Morrison-Grabowski Model Results found in Lawson et al. (2015 - JAS Early Release or at www.specinc.com/publications www.specinc.com/publications What about Mid-Latitude Continental Cumulus Clouds?

14. Learjet Penetration of Growing Cumulus at 27,000 ft (T=-26  C) In NE Colorado 17 Sept 2014 Learjet Penetration of Growing Cumulus at 27,000 ft (T=-26  C) In NE Colorado 17 Sept 2014 Cloud Base T = - 9.5 C

15. 225 CPI 10 to 40  m Cloud Drops Imaged in 100 ms in Peak LWC (9/17/2014) 1200 2D-S 10 to 40  m Cloud Drops Imaged in 10 ms in Peak LWC (9/17/2014) 1200 2D-S 10 to 40  m Cloud Drops Imaged in 10 ms in Peak LWC (9/17/2014) Rare Ice Particle Imaged by CPI at Edge of Peak LWC Rare Ice Particle Imaged by CPI at Edge of Peak LWC (9/17/2014) (9/17/2014) Cloud Drops and Ice Particles Imaged on Edge of Peak LWC Cloud Drops and Ice Particles Imaged on Edge of Peak LWC (9/17/2014) (9/17/2014) Graupel Imaged Near Cloud Edge Graupel Imaged Near Cloud Edge (9/17/2014) (9/17/2014) CPI Images at Cloud Edge CPI Images at Cloud Edge “Fishing” for Particles > 50 m m (9/17/2014) o

16. Mid-Latitude Continental ICE-T St. Croix Maritime SEAC 4 RS Gulf Coast Quasi-Continental SEAC 4 RS Gulf of Mexico Quasi-Maritime + 22  C + 18  C + 5  C Ice Development in an Updraft Core is a Function of Cloud Base Temperature and Drop Size Distribution (DSD) Warm Cloud Base and Broad DSD lead to Development of Millimeter-Diameter Drops and Rapid Glaciation, Resulting in High Rain Rate and Relatively Low Transport into the Avnil

17. CALIOP Measurements suggesting that more Ice is Pushed into the UTLS over Land compared with Oceans (Courtesy Melody Avery) 4,000 Oceanic and 4,000 Land CALIOP Measurements of IWP taken during SEAC4RS (Courtesy Melody Avery)

18.  Knowing what is in the “Black Box” does matter. ICE-T and SEAC 4 RS represent the first comprehensive measurements in the “Black Box” since CCOPE in 1981. Summary  The “Black Box” probably has a strong influence on the ratio of rainout to ice transported into the UTLS  It is likely that more measurements of microphysics within different geographical regions can produce a parameterization of convective transport of ice that is a function of cloud base elevation and geography.  There are no field projects planned to expand “Black Box” measurements to other geographical locations.