1. C HAPTER 10 S ECTION 1 Gender

2. G ENDER R OLES AND I DENTITY Gender comprises the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women Biologically, sex is universal and is the same from culture to culture However, gender traits are socially created and can vary Gender, not biology determine the majority of roles fulfilled by men and women in society Gender Roles are the specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women

3. G ENDER R OLES AND I DENTITY Gender identity is the awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture American gender identity is changing in recent decades Family is the most powerful agent of gender socialization Gender often means inequality in social status Sexism the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other

4. G ENDER ROLES AND IDENTITY Why did gender roles develop as they did? Why are those roles unequal? Women were often caring for children or pregnant and took on roles that allowed them to remain close to home. Men became hunters, traders, and warriors and achieved status through those roles. In time, the society developed into a patriarchy or a society where men dominated women

5. G ENDER I NEQUALITY Less than 150 years ago, women in the U.S. were considered 2 nd class citizens- could not vote, basic education, limited job opportunities, less pay, few legal rights/protections Women had few property rights, their possessions legally belonged to their husbands Women had few options when leaving a marriage with regards to income, children, division of assets, etc.

6. G ENDER I NEQUALITY Women’s Rights Movement Suffrage Seneca Falls Convention-July 1848 New York Call for reforms including: allowing married women to control their own property and earnings, suffrage (the right to vote) Many leaders encouraged civil disobedience (hunger strikes, chained themselves to public buildings, etc.) 1920- 19 th Amendment gave women the right to vote Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique argued that women were not content being mothers and housewives; this was a myth constructed to keep women in a lower class position ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) was supported in 1972 but feel short of the ratification process.

7. G ENDER I NEQUALITY Education Before 1979 women were underrepresented in colleges Today, women make up about 59 % of total college populations There are strong gender differences in college major choices Many more women are also attaining higher degrees (Master’s and Professional/Doctoral) Women tend to focus more on education and the humanities Men tend to focus more on engineering, sciences, and architecture

8. G ENDER I NEQUALITY Women’s Rights Movement Work More women have been entering the workforce since the 1960s Wage gap- the level of women’s income relative to that of men’s Glass Ceiling- the invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions in business Second Shift- when women work full-time and also have household duties such as cooking, cleaning, and child-care Politics Women represent a greater number of voters than men (7.6 million) However, there are far fewer women in politics

9. H OMEWORK Page 237 #1-5