1. Chapter 10 Blue Book pages 296-317

2. Natural resource Renewable resource Nonrenewable resource Recycling Fossil Fuel Petroleum Natural gas Coal Acid precipitation Smog Nuclear Energy Chemical energy Solar energy Wind power Hydroelectric energy Biomass Gasohol Geothermal energy

3. You will learn about Earth’s natural resources. You will explore the difference between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources. You will also learn why conservation and recycling are important. You will… 1. Describe how humans use natural resources. 2. Compare renewable resources with nonrenewable resources. 3. Explain three ways that humans can conserve natural resources.

4. What does the water you drink, the paper you write on, the gasoline used in the cars you ride in, and the air you breathe have in common? They are all natural resources, either in raw form or used to make the products we consume.

5. Natural Resources is any natural material that is used by humans. Examples of Natural Resources Earth’s atmosphere provides air we breathe Maintains air temperatures Produces rain Earth’s oceans & other water Food Needed water

6. Earth’s solid part Nutrients Minerals The energy we get from many of these resources, such as gasoline and wind, ultimately comes for the sun’s energy.

7. Examples of Renewable Resources… Trees Fresh water Con of renewable resources… Resources are being used faster than they are being put back, i.e. trees cut down faster than being replanted. What is a renewable resource? A renewable resource is a natural resource that can be replaced a the same rate at which the resource is used.

8. What is a non renewable resource? A resource that forms at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which it is consumed. Examples of non renewable resources… Coal Petroleum Natural gas

9. Reducing: Reusing: Recycling:

10. To conserve natural resources you should be careful how you use them. To conserve… Use them only when necessary (turn water off when brushing teeth) Keep lakes rivers and other water resources free of pollution. Others?

11. Energy Conservation The way in which we choose to use energy on a daily basis affects the availability of the natural resources How can I conserve? Turn lights out when not in rooms Full loads of laundry Ride a bike, walk, or take a bus to and from school/work. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Other ways to conserve our natural resources… Recycling: reusing materials from waste or scrap What are some kinds of products that can be recycled? Newspaper Aluminum cans Most plastic containers Cardboard boxes others?

12. How do humans use most natural resources? Humans consume most natural resources by using products made from the resources. Describe three ways to conserve natural resources. 1. Using them only when necessary. 2. By reusing them whenever possible. 3. By Recycling them. Why is the availability of some renewable resources more of a concern now than it was 100 years ago? The population is significantly larger now than it was 100 years ago, so many non-renewable resources are being used at a much faster rate than they were used in the past. As these resources become harder to find, people may being to use renewable resources.

13. You will learn how fossil fuels, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, form. You will also learn where fossil-fuel deposits are found in the US. We will discuss ways fossil fuels are obtained and the environmental problems associated with obtaining and using fossil fuels. You will… Describe what energy resources are Identify three different forms of fossil fuels. Explain how fossil fuels form. Describe how fossil fuels are found and obtained. Identify four problems with fossil fuels.

14. How does a sunny day 200 million years ago relate to your life today? It’s the same sun that provided energy 200 million years ago to create natural resources we use today.

15. Energy resources are natural resources that humans use to generate energy. Examples of energy resources… Fuels used to run cars, ships, planes, & factories. Fuels used to create electrical energy. Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels. Energy is released from fossil fuels when they are burned. Once fossil fuels are burnt they are gone forever.

16. Plants and animals made up of what element? the element carbon. All fossil fuels are made from carbon. Meaning … that all fossil fuels are made from all living things. Refineries use what process to separate petroleum into various types of petroleum products. Distillation List the three types of fossil fuels. 1. Liquid Fossil Fuels: Petroleum 2. Gaseous Fossil Fuels: Natural Gas 3. Solid Fossil Fuels: Coal

17. Petroleum is also commonly know as crude oil. Examples of fuels separated from petroleum… 1. Gasoline 2. Jet fuel 3. Kerosene 4. Diesel fuel 5. Fuel oil More than what percent of the world’s energy comes from petroleum products. 40% Crude oil is also known as “black gold”.

18. What is natural gas most often used for? Most natural gas is used for heating. Sometimes natural gas is used for creating electrical energy. Advantages of using Natural Gas…  It causes less air pollution.  Burns cleaner (no soot) Disadvantages of using Natural Gas…  Natural gas is very flammable.  Gas leaks can lead to deadly explosions or fires. Other products of Natural Gas…  Butane  propane

19. In the 1800s and early 1900s, what was coal most commonly used for? Heating homes Powering trains Transportation Why did people reduce their use of coal ? Cleaner energy resources became available and people started reducing the amount of coal they burned. This caused what? A decrease in air pollution People now use transportation that uses what instead of coal for power? Oil instead of coal.

20. How do fossil fuels form? All fossil fuels form from the buried remains of ancient organisms. Do all fossil fuels form the same way? No, different kinds of fossil fuels form in different ways from different kinds of organisms.

21. What does petroleum & natural gas mainly form from? The remains of microscopic sea organisms. Can petroleum & natural gas move through the layers of the earth? Yes, Under the pressure of overlying rocks and sediments, the fossil fuels can move through permeable rocks. What are permeable rocks? Rocks through which fluids such as petroleum and gas, can move. What happens as petroleum & natural gas move through permeable rocks? These fuels are collected in reservoirs. Rocks that are folded upward are excellent fossil-fuel traps. Is petroleum and Natural gas still forming today? Yes, this process is ongoing. Part of the remains of today’s sea life will become petroleum & natural gas.

22. What does coal mainly form from? Pressure and heat causes changes in the remains of swamp plants. What is the process to make coal? 1. The plant remains must go through a process to become peat (a brown crumbly matter made of water and plant material) 2. When peat is buried by sediment, pressure and heat are applied. 3. The pressure and heat push the water out of the peat and coal begins to form. 4. The amount of pressure and heat determines the type of coal formed.

23. 1. Lignite: 1. Harder than peat. 2. 70% of Lignite is carbon. 2. Bituminous coal: 1. More pressure causes bituminous coal. 2. Lignite slowly changes into bituminous coal. 3. 80% of Bituminous is carbon 3. Anthracite : 1. More pressure causes anthracite. 2. Bituminous slowly changes into anthracite. 3. Anthracite is the hardest type of coal 4. 90% of Anthracite is carbon.

24. Are fossil fuels found in only one area? No, fossil fuels are found in many parts of the world. Where does most of the natural gas & petroleum produced in the continental US come from? Areas that were prehistoric oceans. Where does most of the coal produced in the continental US come from? Areas that were swamp or bogs. Where does the US import ½ of the petroleum used? Middle East South America Africa Canada Mexico

25. What determines the method of fossil fuel removal? The kind and location of fuel determines the method used to remove fuel. How are petroleum and natural gas obtained? Drilling wells into rock that contains these resources both on land and under the ocean. How is coal obtained? By mining deep beneath the Earth’s surface or by surface mining known as strip mining.

26. Fossil fuels provide us with much needed energy. What is a negative effect of this energy source? When coal is burned it produces sulfur dioxide that changes into sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is part of Acid Precipitation. How can the burning of fossil fuels affect rain? The sulfur dioxide released from the burning coal combines with moisture in the air to produce acid rain.

27. 1. Producing: 1. Surface mining removes soil that plants need to grow. 2. Digging disturbs land animals homes. 3. Runoff poisons water supplies. 4. Mining underground endangers many lives. 2. Burning: 1. Pollutes air causing acid rain. 2. Soot falls on items to make it “dirty”.

28. 1. Producing: 1. Digging disturbs land animals homes. 2. Runoff poisons water supplies. 2. Transporting: 1. Oil spills kill many animals in the ocean and on land. 3. Using: 1. Burning petroleum produces toxins in the air.

29. Burning petroleum products produces what? An environmental problem called smog. Where is smog most serious? Cities such as Houston & Los Angeles.

30. 1. What is the difference between the organic material from which coal forms and the organic material from which petroleum and natural gas form? 1. Petroleum and natural gas form underwater form the decayed remains of aquatic microorganisms. Coal forms on land from partially decayed plant matter. 2. How do we obtain petroleum and natural gas? 1. We obtain petroleum and natural gas by drilling wells into rock formations that contain these resources.

31. 1. Which region produces the most oil? 1. The Middle East 2. If the total sales of oil in 2002 were $500 billion, what was the value of the oil produced in North America? 1. $500,000,000,000 x 0.06 = $30,000,000,000 ($30 billion)

32. You will learn about some of the alternatives to fossil fuels. You will also discuss some advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources. You will… 1. Describe alternatives to the use of fossil fuels. 2. List advantages and disadvantages of using alternative energy resources.

33. What would your life be like if you couldn’t play video games, turn on lights, microwave your dinner, take a hot shower, or take the bus to school? What are the two main problems with fossil fuels? Availability is limited Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources. Once they are used they are gone. Obtaining and using fossil fuels has environmental consequences

34. Fission is a process of what? The nuclei of radioactive atoms are split into two or more smaller nuclei. What can fission be used for? High amounts of energy occur during the splitting process. This can be used for electrical energy.

35. Pros Cleaner energy Less pollution Nuclear power plants produce dangerous radioactive wastes Waste must be stored until radioactivity decreases to a harmless level (this could take thousands of years) Potential for accidental release into the air. Cons

36. Pros Large amounts of energy Produces few dangerous wastes. Happens naturally in the sun. Very high temperatures are required for the reaction to take place. Reaction must happen within a special environment, such as a magnetic field. Reactions have been limited to laboratory experiments. Cons

37. Chemical Energy Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy NO POLLUTION More efficient Used in space exploration for past 5o years. All forms of energy come from the sun (including fossil fuels). Renewable resource because sun shines everyday. Can be used directly (no conversions needed). Can be converted by using solar panels (solar cells) to collect suns rays. Solar Energy

38. Pros of Solar Energy Does not produce pollution. Renewable resource (sun provided daily when no clouds are present) Not enough sunny days in some climates. Solar equipment is very expensive. Solar installation is very expensive. Cons of Solar Energy

39. Wind power is made indirectly by Solar energy through the uneven heating of air. Wind energy is Renewable Doesn’t cause pollution Clusters of wind turbines create… Significant amount of electrical energy The turbines are small enough that the land can be used for multiple things. Disadvantage of wind energy… In many areas the wind isn’t strong enough or frequent enough to create energy on a large scale.

40. Hydroelectric energy has been around for 1,000s of years How does hydroelectric work? Water “falls” over turbines that turn to create an electrical energy.

41. Pros of Hydroelectric Inexpensive Causes little pollution Renewable resources Not available everywhere Huge dams must be built on major rivers. Building these dams eliminates other resources such as trees, plants Decrease water quality Create erosion problems Cons of Hydroelectric

42. Burning Biomass Burning is the most common form of creating energy from biomass Items burnt for energy Wood Charcoal Animal dung Plants that contain sugar or starch can be made into alcohol. Biomass liquid can be burnt itself or mixed with gasoline to make Gasohol. Biomass is a renewable source of energy. Gasohol

43. Proof of geothermal activity… Groundwater is heated Steam erupting from earth. Steam & hot water piped up from rocks below earths surface. Heat buildings How do Geothermal Power Plants obtain geothermal energy from the earth? Geothermal power plants obtain energy from the Earth by pumping steam and hot water form wells drilled into the rock. Uses of Geothermal Energy

44. 1. Describe two ways of using solar energy. 1. Solar energy can be used for heating or used to produce electricity. 2. If you were going to build a nuclear power plant, why wouldn’t you build it in the middle of the desert? 1. Nuclear power plants require large volumes of water to prevent overheating and to generate steam. There is little water in the desert. 3. Where is the production of hydroelectric energy practical? 1. Hydroelectric energy production is practical in areas in which there are large rivers.

45. 1. What is the total percentage of energy that is used for commercial and industrial purposes? 1. 16% + 38% = 54% 2. What is the total percentage of energy that is not used for residential purposes? 1. 16% + 27% + 38% = 81%