1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. AP Environmental Science Mr. Grant Lesson 23 Earth’s Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Geological And Natural Hazards

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading and Objectives: Read: Withgott & Laposata, Chapter 2... Matter, Chemistry, Energy and the Environment (pgs. 40 - 46) Define the term tsunami. Objectives: 1.Reading Mastery Check 2.List major types of geological hazards and describe ways to mitigate their impacts. 3.TED: As Vicki Arroyo says, it's time to prepare our homes and cities for our changing climate, with its increased risk of flooding, drought and uncertainty. She illustrates this inspiring talk with bold projects from cities all over the world -- local examples of thinking ahead.

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mastery Check For each of the following “natural hazards,” describe one thing that can be done to minimize of mitigate its impact on our lives and property. 1.Earthquakes 2.Landslides

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami: An immense swell, or wave, of ocean water triggered by an earthquake, volcano, or landslide, that can travel long distances across oceans and inundate coasts. Define the terms tsunami. Japan Tsunami (March 2011)

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. List major types of geological hazards and describe ways to mitigate their impacts. Earthquakes result from movement at plate boundaries and faults. Volcanoes arise from rifts, subduction zones, or hotspots. Landslides are a form of mass wasting. Tsunamis can follow earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides.

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Geologic and Natural Hazards © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Some consequences of plate tectonics are hazardous Plate boundaries closely match the circum-Pacific belt or “ring of fire”: -An arc of subduction zones and fault systems -Has 90% of earthquakes and 50% of volcanoes on earth

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Earthquakes result from movement at plate boundaries and faults Earthquake Mitigation: Buildings can be built or retrofitted to decrease damage -Buildings are designed to be more flexible -Expensive—buildings in many poorer nations do not have such protections © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Volcanoes arise from rifts, subduction zones, or hotspots Hotspots form over areas of lava rising from the mantle Lava can flow slowly (Hawaii) or erupt suddenly (Mt. St. Helens) Pyroclastic flow: fast-moving cloud of gas, ash, and rock -Buried Pompeii in A.D. 79 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Volcanoes arise from rifts, subduction zones, or hotspots Volcanic eruptions exert environmental impacts: ash blocks sunlight and sulfur emissions lead to sulfuric acid, blocking radiation and cooling the atmosphere Large eruptions can decrease temperatures worldwide -Mount Tambora’s eruption caused the 1816 “year without a summer” Yellowstone National Park is an ancient supervolcano -Past eruptions were so massive they covered much of North America in ash -The region is still geothermally active © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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11. Landslides are a form of mass wasting Mass wasting  the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity -Rains saturate soils and trigger mudslides -Erodes unstable hillsides and damages property -Caused by humans when soil is loosened or exposed Mass Wasting Mitigation: -Better forestry, agriculture, mining -Regulations, building codes, insurance incentives discourage developing in vulnerable areas © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunamis can follow earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides Tsunami Mitigation: Agencies and nations have increased efforts to give residents advance warning of approaching tsunamis Preserving coral reefs and mangrove forests decreases the wave energy of tsunamis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. We can worsen or mitigate the impacts of natural hazards We face and affect other natural hazards: floods, coastal erosion, wildfire, tornadoes, and hurricanes Overpopulation: people must live in susceptible areas We choose to live in attractive but vulnerable areas (beaches, mountains) Engineered landscapes increase frequency or severity of hazards (damming rivers, suppressing fire, mining) Changing climate through greenhouse gases changes rainfall patterns and increases drought, fire, flooding, and storms © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. TED Video Vicki Arroyo: Let's prepare for our new climate (14:36) Vicki Arroyo uses environmental law and her background in biology and ecology to help prepare for global climate change. The climate is quickly changing. Scientists increasingly talk of a new period in the Earth's history, the "anthropocene", in which human impact on the planet has become dominant. Yet we remain unprepared to deal with the consequences: specifically, the disruption and cost. Lawyer Vicki Arroyo, the executive director of the Georgetown Climate Center, works on climate mitigation and adaptation policies as viable solutions to climate change’s inevitable disruptions to current practices.