1. Roman Imperialism in the later second century

2. The Roman Census Equites 18 centuries [inc. sex suffragia] First Class100,000 asses70 centuries [of which 35 were iuniores (18-46), 35 of seniores (46+) Second Class75,000 asses25(?) centuries Third Class50,000 asses25(?) centuries Fourth Class25,000 asses 25(?) centuries Fifth Class 12,000 asses25(?) centuries [carpenters, trumpeters etc]4 centuries [attached to various classes] Capite censi less than 12,0001 century Don’t serve S O L D I E R S CAVALRY

3. The citizen army of the middle – late Republic Structure of society reflects military needs – 5 census classes (according to wealth) correspond to divisions in army – Capite censi (those without any resources) do not fight (ie the poorest citizens cannot be conscripted) – Soldier provides own equipment etc Minimum 6 years service, maximum 16 Army is led by an elected magistrate

4. The Roman Army in the 2nd century The manipular legion: 4 legions raised most years Consular army: between 18000 and 26500 people

5. Manipular to Cohortal Legion

6. Changes in the time of Marius Lowering of the level of wealth needed to join the army had been going on for some time – Gaius Gracchus’ law (133 BC) for the state to pay for the soldiers’ clothing and weapons (stipendum) Marius’ campaign against Jugurtha (107 BC) called for volunteers from the capite censi Marius made his soldiers carry all their own gear, hence the nickname ‘Marius’ mules’ Other changes at the time ascribed to Marius – Greater fitness and training – Change from main fighting division being the maniple to the cohort (now legion = 10 cohorts, each consisting of 6 centuries of 80 men) – Change to the pilum – second notch made of wood so it snaps on impact, cannot be thrown back – Eagle (aquila) becomes the primary standard

7. War and the lower census classes Rewards: booty, commendations, land? Why was service so unpopular at this time?

8. War and the Roman elite The value system: Virtus gloria, laus, fama Corona civica, corona muralis Accumulation of symbolic capital

9. War and the Roman elite

10. Roman imperialism and Spain Key terms: - Imperium - Provincia Praetors increased from 4 to 6 Revolt of the Lusitanians Scipio Aemilianus and Numantia

11. In what ways was the Roman state geared toward continual warfare? Organised citizens by eligibility for and role in military Military and political hierarchy of state were one and the same Legions were raised annually – the state expected to need them

12. What effect did annual campaigning have on Roman society? Relationship to Italian allies based on military needs Grain taxes developed to supply army Magistracies developed to support military needs – eg number of praetors increased Opportunities for aristocrats protected But constitution would be adapted in case of military crisis