1. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images

2. Prologue Overview  What Is Psychology?  Psychological science is born  Psychological science develops  Contemporary psychology  Psychology’s three main levels of analysis  Psychology’s subfields  Best learning practices: Improve your retention-and your grades!

3. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychological Science Is Born  First laboratory  Fourth century BCE: Aristotle used observation and questioning to understand the body-psyche relationship  Questions were answered through observation (and guesses)

4. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychological Science Is Born  Wilhelm Wundt (1832- 1920)  Defined psychology as “science of mental life.”  Added two key elements to enhance scientific nature of psychology  Elements included carefully measured observations and experiments

5. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Structuralism: Titchener  Mentored by Wundt  Relied on “self-report” data  Encouraged introspection, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience, in reaction to stimuli  Used these introspective reports to build a view of the mind’s structure

6. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Functionalism: William James (1842- 1910)  Studied human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and asked:  What function might they serve?  How might they have helped our ancestors survive?  Authored Principles of Psychology

7. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images First women in psychology Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)  Became memory researcher and first APA female president  Studied with James but discriminated against and denied PhD

8. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images First women in psychology Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)  Became second APA female president  Wrote The Animal Mind  Studied with Titchener but barred from his experimental psychology organization

9. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychology Science Develops: Behaviorism  Behaviorism  Defined psychology as “scientific study of observable behavior” without reference to mental processes  Became major force in psychology into 1960s  Proponents  John B. Watson (Classical conditioning) and B.F. Skinner (Operant conditioning) dismissed introspection  Watson and Rayner conduced famous “Little Albert” experiments

10. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychology Science Develops  Freudian psychology  Emphasized ways unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect later behavior  Was second major force until 1960s

11. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychology Science Develops  Humanistic psychology  Revived interest in study of mental processes  Focused on ways current environments nurture or limit growth potential and importance of having need for love and acceptance satisfied  Led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

12. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychology Science Develops  The cognitive revolution occurred in 1960 and focus returned to interest in mental processes  Cognitive psychology scientifically explored ways in which information if perceived, processed, and remembered.  The interdisciplinary field of cognitive neuroscience ties the science of mind (cognitive psychology) and the science of the brain (neuroscience) and focuses on brain activity underlying mental activity

13. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Modern Definition of Psychology Behavior = any action that can be observed or recorded Mental processes = internal, subjective experienced inferred from behavior Psychology = science of behavior and metal processes

14. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Contemporary Psychology  The field of psychology is growing and globalizing  Psychology’s pioneers have come from many fields: physiology, philosophy, medicine, and biology.  Advances in psychology also have been made in many countries; Psychology has spread rapidly with 182 member nations in the IUPS  This contributed to growing understanding of biology and experience and fueled the nature-nurture debate.

15. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Contemporary Psychology  The big nature-nurture question continues.  To what extent are our traits already set in place at birth (our “Nature”)?  And to what extent do our traits develop in response to our environment/ experience (our “Nurture”)? Why do you think these questions are important?

16. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Contemporary Psychology: Evolutionary Psychology and Behavior Genetics Nature Plato: Character and intelligence inherited; some ideas inborn Descartes: Some ideas are intuitive Darwin: Some traits, behaviors, and instincts are part of species; natural selection Nurture Aristotle: Content of mind comes through senses Locke: Mind in blank slate

17. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Contemporary Psychology Evolutionary psychology: Focus on how humans are alike because of common biology and evolutionary history Behavior genetics: Focus on differences related to differing genes and environments Cross-cultural psychology: Focus on ways culture shapes behavior, but same underlying processes are universal Gender psychology: Focus on differences; males and females are overwhelmingly similar

18. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Contemporary Psychology  Martin Seligman: Positive psychology  Explores human flourishing  Uses scientific methods to investigate building of good life that engages skill-building and a meaningful life that extends beyond self Courtesy Martin Seligman

19. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Behavior or mental process Biological influences: genetic predispositions (genetically influenced traits) genetic mutations natural selection of adaptive traits and behaviors passed down through generations genes responding to the environment Psychological influences: learned fears and other learned expectations emotional responses cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations Social-cultural influences: presence of others cultural, societal, and family expectations peer and other group influences compelling models (such as in the media)

20. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychology’s Subfields  Psychology  Hub scientific discipline (Cacloppo, 2007)  Common quest : Describing and explaining behavior and the mind underlying it  Range of researchers  Biological psychologists  Developmental psychologists  Cognitive psychologists  Personality psychologists  Social psychologists

21. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Psychology’s Subfields

22. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Best Learning Practices: Improve Retention and Grades!  Scientific studies show that  Testing boosts retention of material  Acting processing material and retrieving material helps master it (testing effect)  Spaced rehearsal, interspaced with other subjects, is more efficient than cramming  Concept familiarity is not effective enough

23. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images SQ3R Study Method (McDaniel et al., 2009; Robinson, 1970) Survey Scan/Skim what you are about to read, especially chapter outlines and section heads. Question Ask questions that the text might answer; write guesses. Read Look for the answer to your questions, reading a manageab le amount at a time. Rehearse Recall what you’ve read in your own words. Test yourself with quizzes. Review Recall what you’ve read in your own words. Test yourself with quizzes.

24. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Four Additional Tips  Distribute study time  Learn to think critically  Process class information actively  Overlearn