1. Latin Grammar The Ablative: Three More Uses: 1. Attendant Circumstances 2. Manner 3. With Verbs (Grammar for 4B, p. 215.)

2. Attendant Circumstances  Sometimes the ablative indicates that an action occurs with some surrounding circumstances. Caesar cum magnō dolōre populī mortuus est. (Caesar died with great grief of the people = to the great grief of the people, Caesar died.)  This ablative is usually used with cum, but sometimes the cum is left out. Caesar magnō dolōre populī mortuus est.

3. Ablative of Manner  The ablative of manner tells in what manner an action is performed. nūntius in forum cum celeritāte ingressus est.  It usually has a cum. But if it has an adjective, the cum is optional. in aedīs magnā cum cūrā ingressī sumus. = in aedīs magnā cūrā ingressī sumus.

4. Review  You have now learned several ablatives that can be translated into English with the word with.  Among them are:  ablative of accompaniment  ablative of means  ablative of attendant circumstances  ablative of manner.  One of these always uses cum; two usually use cum; one never uses cum.  Let’s review them.

5. Review  Ablative of Accompaniment cum Marcō Lampsacum abeō.  Always a person or people; always with cum.

6. Review  Ablative of Means dominus seruum pugnīs uerberauit.  Something that is used as a tool; never with cum.

7. Review  Ablative of Manner mīlites cum fortitūdine pugnābant.  Some abstract quality—speed, courage, fear, and so on; usually with cum.  cum is optional when there is an adjective. mīlitēs magnā cum fortitūdine pugnābant. = mīlitēs magnā fortitūdine pugnābant.

8. Review  Ablative of attendant circumstances. magnā cum laude mea studia perfēcī.  Some surrounding circumstance, not a tool, not a way of doing something.  Usually with cum, but not always..

9. Ablative with Verbs  Some verbs require the ablative.  Two big ones are 1. ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (use) stilō ūtor. 2. fruor, fruī, frūctus sum (enjoy) eō uīnō fruor.