1. Deciding What’s Right: A Psychological Approach Chapter 5

2. Moral Awareness and Moral Judgment Need to be aware that you are facing a decision that has ethical overtones Need to be aware that you are facing a decision that has ethical overtones Use of language Use of language Does it have the potential to cause harm to others Does it have the potential to cause harm to others

3. Cognitive Moral Development Behave morally Behave morally Levels of cognitive moral development Levels of cognitive moral development

4. Kholberg’s Levels of Cognitive Development Level 1: Preconventional Level 1: Preconventional Level 2: Conventional Level 2: Conventional Level 3: Postconventional or Principled Level 3: Postconventional or Principled

5. Level 1: Preconventional Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation Stage 2: Instrumental purpose and exchange Stage 2: Instrumental purpose and exchange

6. Level 2: Conventional Stage 3: Interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations Stage 3: Interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations Stage 4: Social accord and system maintenance Stage 4: Social accord and system maintenance

7. Level 3: Postconventional or Principled Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights Stage 6: universal ethical principles Stage 6: universal ethical principles

8. External Influences Looking up and around Looking up and around

9. Locus of Control An individual’s perception of how much control he or she exerts over life events An individual’s perception of how much control he or she exerts over life events High internal locus of control – master of their own fate High internal locus of control – master of their own fate High external locus of control – determined by fate or others High external locus of control – determined by fate or others

10. Cognitive Barriers to Good Ethical Judgment Fact gathering Fact gathering –Confirmation trap Reduced number of consequences Reduced number of consequences Consequences for the self versus consequences for others Consequences for the self versus consequences for others

11. Cognitive Barriers to Good Ethical Judgment Consequence as risk Consequence as risk –Illusion of optimism Consequences over time Consequences over time –Escalation of commitment

12. About Integrity Illusion of superiority Illusion of superiority Virtue ethics says you rely on the ethics of your profession Virtue ethics says you rely on the ethics of your profession

13. Emotions in Decision Making Act because we feel empathy, guilt, or anger Act because we feel empathy, guilt, or anger

14. Script Processing Scripts are cognitive frameworks that guide human thought and action Scripts are cognitive frameworks that guide human thought and action Following established behavior patterns Following established behavior patterns Muffled emotions Muffled emotions Cost/benefit analysis Cost/benefit analysis