1. Period 4-4
Market Revolution

2. Vocabulary economic nationalism Lancaster Turnpike
National (Cumberland) Road
Erie Canal
Robert Fulton
steamboat
Eli Whitney
cotton gin
interchangeable parts
Industrial Revolution
Samuel Slater
Lowell system
specialization
telegraph
Morse Code
Cyrus McCormick
John Deere
Commonwealth v. Hunt
nativists
Know-Nothing Party
peculiar institution
Black Codes

3. American Antebellum Changes
In the 1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America:
Improved transportation
Rapid technological innovation
A growing national economy
Mass European immigration
Desire for transcontinental expansion (“Manifest Destiny”)

4. A Revolution in transportation

5. A Revolution in Transportation
In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements”
The National Road became the 1st federal transportation project
Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs
Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

6. America's first Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790
By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities

7. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

8. Principal Canals by 1840
Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West

9. Steamboats & Canals
Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduced costs & increased speeds.
Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West:
Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing
State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North

10. Robert fulton
The Clermont

11. Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat

12. The erie Canal
The Erie Canal (1825) provided the first link between East & West.
The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.

13. Inland Freight Rates

14. The Railroad
From 1840 to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads
In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance
Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth
Led to new forms of finance, such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies

15. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

16. Railroad growth

17. Railroad expansion

18. Transportation Revolution by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads
Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements.

19. The market revolution

20. The Industrial Revolution Booms
In the 1840s, American industrial production became more efficient:
Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South
Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming

21. Rise of Commercial Agriculture
Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton
The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to:
Lower transportation costs
New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator
The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops

22. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793
Was the cotton gin actually invented by a slave??

23. John Deere & the Steel Plow
No longer needed fragile wooden plows
Light enough to be pulled by horses, not oxen.

24. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

25. Early Industrialism
In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system
By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions
The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston
Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing
“Cottage Industry”
Brought families extra income

26. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)
Early textile loom

27. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

28. Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention
Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts

29. (Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution)
Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840
Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858

30. The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

31. Lowell Boarding Houses

32. Lowell Girls
What was their typical profile?

33. New England Dominance in Textiles

34. Problems with industrialism & immigration

35. Market revolution
By 1840, improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a national market economy:
U.S. developed a self-sustaining national economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods
But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization
Northern industry
Southern cotton production
Western commercial farming

36. The Antebellum South America in 1840
Cotton production divided society in the Deep South:
Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money
Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming
America in 1840

37. Southern cotton production, 1860

38. Slave Population, 1840

39. Slave Population, 1860

40. The Antebellum West America in 1840 Land was cheap
Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms:
Wheat & corn
Hogs & cattle
Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market
America in 1840

41. The Antebellum North America in 1840
Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming
Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South
Experienced rapid urbanization

42. U.S. Urban Centers

43. American Population Centers, 1860

44. The Market Revolution
New innovations made work easier & improved American industry & agriculture
However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s
60% of the population were still involved in farming
Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops

45. Mass immigration begins

46. Mass Immigration Begins
From 1840 & 1860, 4 million Irish & Germans immigrated to America
Motivations for immigration:
Most came for higher wages in northern industrial jobs
The potato blight from brought 1.5 million Irish immigrants
Low fares on trans-Atlantic ships made access easier

47. Where did immigrants go?
Farmers
Immigration to the US
Industrial workers
Gold miners
Cotton farming & cattle

48. Mass Immigration Begins
In 1836, 4% of the Lowell Mill workers were foreign-born; By % were foreign-born
Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in northern cities or migrated into the West to become farmers
This vast pool of cheap labor provided fuel for the U.S. Industrial Revolution in 1850s
In the 1840s, factory labor began to shift from American women & children to immigrant men

49. Mass Immigration Begins
Low immigrant wages contributed to urban slums where poverty, disease, & crime were common
This influx of immigration led to urban reform movements:
Provided police forces, sanitized water, sewage disposal, & improved housing standards
But the immigrant poor were largely unaffected by the results
Affluent city dwellers moved to America’s 1st suburbs

50. Anti-Immigrant Reaction
Immigrant groups were met with prejudice (esp the Irish Catholics) & tension in 1840s & 1850s
Nativism emerged among American-born citizens:
Suspicion of the new ethnic neighborhoods & alien cultures
Led to bloody anti-Catholic riots, charges of despotism, & anti-Irish propaganda

51. The “Know-Nothing” Party
Anti-Catholic “Native American” mob battling the state militia in Philadelphia in 1844

52. Conclusions
In the 1830s & 1840s, the USA was growing more democratic & economically self-sufficient:
Innovation & transportation improvements connected regional specialization into a nation market economy
This economic growth will stimulate a sense of “manifest destiny” into the West & sectional divisions between North & South

53. American Immigration & Nativism Discussion
Based upon what you know about America in the 1830s & 1840s, how would you define the “American ideal”?
What is the “ideal” for wealthy aristocrats? For the “common man”?
What is the American ideal for people outside of the United States?
At what point can an immigrant consider himself an “American”?
Compare each of your answers with the reality that existed for each group.

54. Period 4 Review
In groups of two, teams must provide an accurate sentence regarding an event/theme in American history for each letter of the alphabet:
A…Adams was the only Federalist president, etc.
Sentences must begin with nouns, not verbs or adjectives