1. Integumentary System J. Hinson Human Anatomy and Physiology The cutaneous membrane and accessory organs make up the:

2. I. Membranes 1. Serous: line enclosed body cavities (Ex: thorax and abdomen) a. Parietal – cavities; Visceral – organs b. Simple squamous epithelium and loose connective c. Secrete serous fluid 2. Mucous: line cavities opening externally a. Ex: oral, nasal, and tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems b. Various epithelium and loose connective c. Secrete mucus

3. I. Membranes 3. Cutaneous: the skin 4. Synovial: line joints a.fibrous and loose connective tissue with adipose b.secrete synovial fluid

4.  What membrane is the skin? A. Cutaneous B. Mucous C. Serous D. Synovial

6. II. Skin (derm/o) and its Tissues (hist/o) A. Largest and most versatile body organ B. Helps maintain homeostasis C. Dermatology: study of the skin

7. II. Skin (derm/o) and its Tissues (hist/o) D. Functions: 1. Protection! (keeps pathogens out) 2. Regulates body temperature 3. Prevents dehydration 4. Houses sensory receptors  Temperature, pain, touch, & pressure 5. Synthesizes chemicals 6. Excretes wastes

8.  Which of the following is not a function of the skin? A. Excretion B. Prevent Dehydration C. Protection D. Temperature Regulation E. All Above

10. II. Skin (derm/o) and its Tissues (hist/o) E.Three primary layers 1. Epidermis (outer layer): stratified squamous epithelium 2. Dermis (inner layer): thicker; composed of fibrous connective, epithelial, nervous, and smooth muscle tissues, and blood  Separated by basement membrane

11. II. Skin and its Tissues (cont) D.Three primary layers 3.Also, hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer a. Loose connective and adipose bind skin to organs

13.  What tissue is the epidermis composed of? A. Simple Columnar Epithelium B. Stratified Squamous Epithelium C. Loose Connective D. Nervous

15. III. Epidermis A. Lacks blood vessels B. Stratum basale: deep reproducing cells C. Stratum corneum: outermost layer 1. Keratinization is cell hardening 2. Fibrous proteins form called keratin which forms horny cells 3. Horny cells are dead and slough away.

16. III. Epidermis D. Multiple layers of protective function include: 1. Stratum corneum (most superficial) 2. Stratum lucidium 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basale (deepest)

17. Epidermis http://www.wildcrafted.com.au/Articles/Anatomy_and_Physiology/The_Skin.html

18. III. Epidermis (cont) E.Calluses: thickened skin regions in response to friction F.Melanin: dark pigment produced by melanocytes in the basal layer 1. Absorbs light energy 2. Found in deep epidermis and connective tissue in dermis 3. Malignant melanoma: type of skin cancer

19. III. Epidermis (cont) G. Amount of melanin determines skin color 1. Amount and size of melanin pigment, not number of melanocytes, determines skin color. 2. Influenced by: - Environmental factors : sunlight, x- rays, UV rays - Physiological factors: blood oxygenation (erythema; hyperemia) 3. Albino: lack of melanin production

20. MELANIN http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/823/829984.JPG

21.  The Epidermis does not bleed because it lacks blood vessels. True False

23. IV. Dermis (corium) A. True skin that binds epidermis B. Has strength and elasticity (collagen: flexible protein) C. Contains blood vessels D. Contains both sensory and motor nerves E. Contains hair follicles, sebaceous, and sweat (sudoriferous) glands F. Ridges form fingerprints

25. V. Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis) A. Relatively continuous with dermis B. Adipose (made of lipocytes: fat cells) serves as insulator C. Contains blood vessels that supply the skin and underlying adipose

26. http://www.nu rseminerva.co.u k/images/skin2. gif Sebaceous gland

27.  What is the “true skin”? A. Dermis B. Epidermis C. Hypodermis D. All Above

28. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin A. Hair (trich/o) 1. On most skin surfaces 2. Develops from epidermal cells: hair follicle a. Extends from dermis to surface 3. Hair shaft: dead, keratinized, epidermal cells 4. Arrector pili muscle: stands

29. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin A. Hair 5. Hair color determined by the type and amount of pigment produced by melanocytes. a. High melanin = brown/black b. intermediate melanin = blond c. no melanin = white d. pigmented and unpigmented = gray

30. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin A. Hair 6. Diseases:  Alopecia: hair loss  Systemic lupus erythematosus: may also include patches of rapid hair loss http://images- cdn01.associatedcontent.com/image/A1 720/172080/300_172080.jpg http://delhi.clic k.in/classifieds/i mages/31_3_2009 _12_57_5132_sle. gif Lupus “Butterfly Rash”

31. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin B. Nails 1. Protective coverings 2. Stratified squamous epithelium 3. Cell division at nail root a. Lunula: half-moon shape at base 4. Nail bed: attached to nail 5. Cyanosis: a bluish tint in the nail bed that indicates low blood oxygen levels

32. 6. Nail Anatomy http://www.footdoc.ca/www. FootDoc.ca/HABIF1.AIanatom y.jpeg

33. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin C. Sebaceous Glands 1. Specialized epithelial cells 2. Glands secrete sebum a. For soft, pliable, and waterproof skin/hair http://www.pg.com/science/ski ncare/Skin_tws_34/skin_34_02.j pg

34. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin C. Sebaceous Glands 3. Overactive = acne a. Blackheads (comedo) vs. b. Pimples (whiteheads from bacteria)

35. http://www.stopacne.com/images/thumb_opencomedo.jpg http://health.yahoo.com/media/mayoclinic/images/image_popup/sn7_a cne.jpg

36. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin C. Sebaceous Glands 4. Acne rosacea: hypertrophy (increased growth) of oil glands, causing skin thickening 5. Acne vulgaris: oversecretion of oil glands causing: a. Papules: elevated inflammations b. Pustules: pus-filled http://www.apply-makeup.info/skin- disease/acne-vulgaris-picture.jpg

37. VI.Accessory Organs of the Skin D. Sweat glands (Sudoriferous) (hidr/o) 1. Glands on the palms and soles 2. Ball shaped coil 3. Types a. Apocrine: stress response; associated with hair follicle (i) Common to armpits and groin b. Eccrine: body temperature response (i) Not associated with hair follicles (ii) Common to forehead, neck, and back 4. Sweat carried away by a duct opening at a pore 5. Diaphoresis: excessive sweating

38. http://www.nu rseminerva.co.u k/images/skin2. gif Sebaceous gland

39. VII. Regulation of Body Temperature A. Helps maintain homeostasis with body temperature at 98.6 º B. To decrease temp: 1. Bvs dilate to carry away excess heat 2. Evaporating sweat removes surface heat

40. VII. Regulation of Body Temperature C. To increase body temp: 1. bvs constrict to decrease blood flow 2. sweat glands remain inactive 3. skeletal muscle contraction increases heat 4. mm. contractions cause goose bumps D. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems influence E. Fever (pyrexia): interleukins released in immune response