1. 1 Psychology 304: Brain and Behaviour Lecture 5

2. Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias ASTU 400M Term 2 M,W: 4-530 pm Student Directed Seminar course :  Small class size (8-15 students)  Collaborative learning  In depth examination of topic  Break the traditional mold: Emphasis on discussion, writing and speaking Critical analysis of cutting-edge research Application required Contact me: jenn.ferris@hotmail.com

3. 3 As noted in the course syllabus, if you are interested in participating in a peer learning community for this course, please e-mail Patrick (ppiantad@psych.ubc.ca) by the end of today. Reminder

4. 4 From last week ….. fMRI vs. MEG The spinal cord:

5. The Spinal Nerves 5

6. 6 The Structure of the Nervous System 1. What are the primary divisions of the nervous system? (continued) 2. How are the components of the central nervous system protected from injury?

7. 7 3. distinguish between the three layers of the meninges. 2. identify the functions of the cranial nerves, afferent and efferent nerves. 1. distinguish between the somatic, autonomic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

8. 8 What are the primary divisions of the nervous system? (continued) 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS, continued)

9. The Cranial Nerves 9

10. 10 The Cranial Nerves

11. NerveSensory vs. Motor Function Olfactory (I)SensorySmell Optic (II)SensoryVision Vestibulocochlear (VIII)SensoryHearing, balance Oculomotor (III)MotorEye movement, pupil constriction Trochlear (IV)MotorEye movement Abducens (VI)MotorEye movement Spinal Accessory (XI)MotorNeck, shoulder, head movement Hypoglossal (XII)MotorTongue movement Trigeminal (V)Sensory, MotorFacial sensation, chewing Facial (VII)Sensory, MotorTaste, facial movement, tearing, salivation Glossopharyngeal (IX)Sensory, MotorTaste, throat sensation, throat movement Vagus (X)Sensory, MotorSensory information from and motor commands to the heart, liver, gut The Cranial Nerves 11

12. 12  The PNS consists of two subdivisions: The somatic nervous system: Regulates responses to the external environment. Composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory information about the external environment to the CNS and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the muscles of the body.

13. 13 The autonomic nervous system: Regulates the body’s internal environment. Composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory information from the internal organs to the CNS and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the internal organs of the body.

14. 14 There are two types of efferent nerves that characterize the autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic efferent nerves: Stimulate changes to the internal organs that prepare the organism for action (i.e., “fight and flight” responses). Parasympathetic efferent nerves: Stimulate changes to the internal organs that prepare the organism to conserve and rest (i.e., “rest and digest” responses).

15. OrganSympathetic EffectParasympathetic Effect Salivary glandDecreases secretionIncreases secretion HeartIncreases heart rateDecreases heart rate Blood vesselsConstricts blood vessels in most organs Dilates blood vessels in a few organs Iris radial and sphincter muscles Dilates pupilsConstricts pupils Sweat glandStimulates secretionNo effect Stomach and intestine Inhibits digestionStimulates secretion and motility LungsDilates bronchiolesConstricts bronchioles Arrector pili musclesErects hair and creates gooseflesh No effect Some Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activation 15

16. 16

17. The Major Divisions of the Nervous System 17

18. 18 Some researchers identify a third division of the autonomic nervous system: the enteric nervous system. This system contains sensory and motor neurons that regulate the digestive activities of the gut.

19. 19 How are the components of the central nervous system protected from injury? The brain and spinal cord are protected by three anatomical features: 1. Bone:  The brain is encased in the skull. The spinal cord is encased in the spine (i.e., vertebral column or backbone).

20. 20 2. Meninges:  Lay beneath the bone that protects the CNS.  Consists of three layers: Dura mater: outer meninx, a tough membrane. Arachnoid membrane: Immediately inside the dura mater, a fine spider web-like membrane. Pia mater: Innermost meninx, delicate membrane that adheres to the surface of the CNS.

21. 21

22. 22 Anatomical Features that Protect the CNS

23. 23 The Structure of the Nervous System 1. What are the primary divisions of the nervous system? (continued) 2. How are the components of the central nervous system protected from injury?