1. AP Psych DMA 1. What is a need? Please use terminology from the book. 2. What level on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs are you at? Please write the question and leave room for your answers.

2. Today’s Agenda DMA DMA Test review session Test review session Chapter 12 & 13 Chapter 12 & 13 Arousal & performance Arousal & performance Review theories of Review theories ofmotivation Stress & attitude Stress & attitudeHomework: FRQ #3 due Wednesday, Feb. 15 th FRQ #3 due Wednesday, Feb. 15 th Chapter 12 & 13 Test – Thursday, Feb. 23 rd Chapter 12 & 13 Test – Thursday, Feb. 23 rd Chapter 12 & 13 notes due Thursday, Feb. 23rd Chapter 12 & 13 notes due Thursday, Feb. 23rd

3. Chapter 12 & 13 Test Review Session Wednesday, Feb. 22 nd 7:00 AM Wheeler’s classroom

4. Performance & Arousal Review from yesterday

5. For easy tasks a higher level of arousal increases performance effectiveness

6. A moderate level of arousal in generally best for tasks of moderate difficulty

7. Performance is worst at both high and low extremes.

8. And now for a teensy quiz… Choose A or b for each item, depending on which response better describes your preferences.

9. 1. A. I would like a job that requires a lot of traveling. B. I would prefer a job in one location. 2. A. I am invigorated by a brisk, cold day. B. I can’t wait to get indoors on a cold day.

10. 3. A. I get bored seeing the same old faces B. I like the comfortable familiarity of everyday friends. 4. A. I would prefer living in an ideal society in which everyone is safe, secure and happy. B. I would have preferred living in the unsettled days of our history.

11. 5. A. I sometimes like to do things that are a little frightening. B. A sensible person avoids activities that are dangerous. 6. A. I would not like to be hypnotized. B. I would like to have the experience of being hypnotized.

12. 7. A. The most important goal of life is to live it to the fullest and experience as much as possible. B. The most important goal of life is to find peace and happiness. 8. A. I would like to try parachute jumping. B. I would never want to try jumping out of a plane with or without a parachute.

13. 9. A. I enter cold water gradually, giving myself time to get used to it. B. I like to dive or jump right into the ocean or cold pool. 10. A. When I go on a vacation, I prefer the comfort of a good room and bed. B. When I go on a vacation, I prefer the change of camping out.

14. 11. A. I prefer people who are emotionally expressive even if they are a bit unstable. B. I prefer people who are calm and even- tempered. 12. A. A good painting should shock or jolt the senses. B. A good painting should give one a feeling of peace and security.

15. 13. A. People who ride motorcycles must have some kind of unconscious need to hurt themselves. B. I would like to ride a motorcycle.

16. Each of the following answers earns one point: 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. B

17. Scoring for the Sensation-Seeking Scale 0 – 3 Very low 4- 5 Low 6 – 9 Average 10 – 11 High 12 – 13 Very high

18. WHAT IS AN ADRENALINE JUNKIE? Discuss with a neighbor…

19. Adrenaline Junkies do exist Marvin Zuckerman studied people he called sensation seekers. Sensation seekers are individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people. Sensation seekers are individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people. Research suggests that the underlying biology involves the brain’s dopamine pathways. Research suggests that the underlying biology involves the brain’s dopamine pathways.

20. Theories of Motivation Pattern Recognition

21. Historical bits… 3 perspectives have proven the most influential: instinct theory instinct theory drive reduction theory drive reduction theory arousal theory arousal theory

22. Instinct theory… Came out of the growing evolutionary understanding of the origins of behaviors. Came out of the growing evolutionary understanding of the origins of behaviors. It assumes that some complex behaviors are not learned and… It assumes that some complex behaviors are not learned and… Can be explained by a genetic predisposition to the behavior. Can be explained by a genetic predisposition to the behavior. This approach is most often applied to explain species-typical behaviors. This approach is most often applied to explain species-typical behaviors.

23. Drive reduction theory States that a physiological need creates a psychological state States that a physiological need creates a psychological state that pushes the organism to behave in ways that reduce the need. that pushes the organism to behave in ways that reduce the need.

24. Arousal theory Suggests that some behaviors are motivating because they increase arousal; Suggests that some behaviors are motivating because they increase arousal; that they stimulate the organism or individual in some needed fashion. that they stimulate the organism or individual in some needed fashion.

25. Your turn For each behavior: Identify which theory/theories could be used to explain why the behavior occurs Identify which theory/theories could be used to explain why the behavior occurs Describe how that theory would explain the behavior. Describe how that theory would explain the behavior.

26. Behavior A human infant rooting to find the mother's nipple. A human infant rooting to find the mother's nipple.Theories Instinct theory Instinct theory Drive reduction theory Drive reduction theoryExplanations This is a reflexive behavior that increases the likelihood of survival. This is a reflexive behavior that increases the likelihood of survival. Hunger created an aversive state that the infant attempts to relieve through behaviors that increase the likelihood that the mouth will come in closer contact with a food source. Hunger created an aversive state that the infant attempts to relieve through behaviors that increase the likelihood that the mouth will come in closer contact with a food source.

27. Behavior Getting a glass of water when you are thirsty. Getting a glass of water when you are thirsty.Theories Drive reduction theory Explanations Thirst creates an aversive state which the person works to diminish by behaving in ways that reduce the need. Thirst creates an aversive state which the person works to diminish by behaving in ways that reduce the need.

28. Behavior Going for a walk when you are worried or restless Going for a walk when you are worried or restlessTheories Drive reduction theory Arousal Theory Explanations The feeling of restlessness or anxiety creates an aversive state that is relieved with activity or a change of scenery. The feeling of restlessness or anxiety creates an aversive state that is relieved with activity or a change of scenery. The walk actually increases arousal, which gives the individual the energy to focus or deal with the cause of the anxiety.

29. Behavior Working on a difficult jigsaw puzzle Working on a difficult jigsaw puzzleTheories Arousal Theory Explanations Tackling the difficult task increases the intellectual stimulation of the individual in a way that is rewarding. Tackling the difficult task increases the intellectual stimulation of the individual in a way that is rewarding.

30. Behavior Studying hard to pass an exam Studying hard to pass an examTheories Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Explanations The exam creates an aversive state of anxiety, which studying relieves. The exam creates an aversive state of anxiety, which studying relieves. Working hard to learn new material or to do well increases arousal because it is intellectually stimulating.

31. Behavior Crying when hurt or upset Crying when hurt or upsetTheories Instinct Theory Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction TheoryExplanations This is a reflexive behavior that increases the likelihood of survival by drawing the attention of others who would provide aid. Physical or psychological distress aversively arouses an individual, who releases the excess energy by crying.

32. Behavior Developing a lasting, intimate relationship Developing a lasting, intimate relationshipTheories Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Arousal TheoryExplanations Sexual and reproductive needs build and an individual works to find a way to ensure that those needs can be met easily or conveniently in the future. Long-term, intimate relationships with others are stimulating and therefore provide energy for the individuals involved.

33. Weight Loss & Forgetting Everyone needs a handout…