4. Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

7. Continental Effects: Monsoon
Winter:
Ocean warmer than land
Rising air over ocean
Summer
Land warmer than ocean
Rising air over land

8. Atmospheric Circulation
July in the Northern Hemisphere:
Land warmer than sea;
Low pressure over land
January in the Northern Hemisphere:
Sea warmer than land;
Low pressure over ocean

9. Wind-Driven Circulation (Gyre Circulation)

10. Ekman Spiral: Friction + Coriolis
Wind + Friction  Currents slow with depth
Coriolis deflects current to right
Summed over depth  total transport 900 to right of wind = Ekman Transport

11. Ekman Upwelling and Downwelling

12. Biologically Productive Areas: Precipitation on Land Upwelling in Ocean

13. Precipitation minus Evaporation
P-E = freshwater input to ocean
Patterns follows the ascending and descending branches of atm circulation cells
 sea surface salinity

14. Sea Surface Salinity (per mil or psu)

15. Thermohaline Circulation (Conveyor Belt)

17. Hydrothermal Vents at the Sea Floor