1. Wind-Stress Wind-Stress Curl (Chelton et al., 2004)

2. Ekman Pumping due to Wind-Stress Curl Blue regions: Ekman pumping (wind curl is negative in northern hemisphere and positive in southern hemisphere, leading to Ekman convergence) Yellow-red regions: Ekman suction (vice versa) Ekman transport convergence = downwelling = “Ekman pumping” Ekman transport divergence = upwelling = “Ekman suction”

3. Depth-integrated Sverdrup transport applied globally using the wind stress from Hellerman and Rosenstein (1983). Contour interval is 10 Sverdrups. From Tomczak and Godfrey (1994).

4. v(y) = -1/(     H) ∂ y  (x)  (x) =  (x) (y) 3-D Sketch of Sverdrup Balance