1. CANADA AND THE COLD WAR 1945 -1991

2.  Is it better to be a super power or a middle power?

3. After WW II Germany divided and split between: France, Great Britain, USA and Soviet Union Allied Powers (GB, France and USA decide to merge their territories: Germany is divided into East and West The city of Berlin is also divided into East and West East = German Democratic Republic (Soviet territory) West = West Germany (Allied territory)

4. Germany: 1945 & 2012

5. Political Climate After WW II  Germany and Italy are in ruins, France and Britain are in decline  Two superpowers emerge: USA and Soviet Union  Mr. Kramar, what’s a superpower?  A state with a leading position on the international stage. It has the ability to influence global events to protect and advance its own interests.

6. What is required to be a superpower? 1.Advanced military 2.Advanced Industrialization 3.Strong Economy

7. What is a Cold War?  Cold War: conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, acts of espionage or conflict through surrogates (proxy wars).  Why were the USA and Soviet Union in conflict with each other?  Conflicting ideologies! Communism and Capitalism

8. Capitalism vs. Communism Capitalism: o an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, characterized by the freedom of capitalists to operate or manage their property for profit in competitive conditions Communism:  Political and economic ideology that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public (centralized) ownership of the means of production (e.g. mines, mills and factories)

9. Communism Continued…  Communism under Josef Stalin was a totalitarian dictatorship which was forced upon Eastern Europe.  Communism didn’t liberate Eastern Europe, it took the place of the Nazis.  totalitarianism, a modern autocratic government in which the state involves itself in all facets of society, including the daily life of its citizens. A totalitarian government seeks to control not only all economic and political matters but the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population, erasing the distinction between state and society.

10. By Contrast….  Liberal Democracy:  Elections should be free and fair  The political process should be competitive  There should be multiple and distinct political parties  http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Li beral+Democracy

11.  Soviet foreign policy was to extend communist influence in other countries (Cuba, Eastern Europe)  American foreign policy was to contain the spread of communism  Two important concepts to know in understanding the Cold War: containment and the domino theory  Containment:  Truman Doctrine – 1947: offered support to people around the world who were resisting subjugation. First step in containment policy

12.  Marshall Plan: offered billions of dollars in aid to war-torn countries in Europe to help them resist the spread of communism.

13. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech: Winston Churchill's `Iron Curtain Speech (March 5 th, 1946): o “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

14. What is happening in this cartoon? How does this cartoon help us understand the “iron curtain”

15. Western powers were fearful of the “Domino Theory”:  if states on the western side of the curtain began to fall to communism, a ‘domino effect’ would ensue, and communism would begin to spread westward, nation by nation.  The ‘Iron Curtain’ symbolized the western- most border and stopping point (in the eyes of the West) of communism.

16. GOUZENKO AFFAIR  Soviet embassy worker in Ottawa who notified the  RCMP of a Soviet spy ring operating in Canada. He  Was a clerk for the Soviet Embassy for Canada.  He defected on September 5, 1945 with 109 documents  On Soviet espionage activities in the West.  Gouzenko’s defection exposed Stalin’s  Efforts to steal nuclear secrets and  The then unknown technique of  Planting sleeper agents.

17. Significance of the Gouzenko Affair  With World War II over, the spy scandal helped change perceptions of the Soviet Union from an ally to an enemy and thus contributed to the onset of the Cold War.  Red Scare: RCMP carried out illegal and secret inquires in Canada.  Potential immigrants denied entry, known communists deported.

18. NATO and the Warsaw Pact  North Atlantic Treaty Organization:  A military alliance: an attack on one member will be treated as aggression against all members.  Started in 1949 by the USA as a way to ensure further protection against the Soviet threat.  NATO Countries include: Norway, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, West Germany, Italy, Greece, Turkey, USA and Canada  West Germany admitted into NATO which threatens Soviets

19. Warsaw Pact:  Soviet Union reacts to the addition of West Germany to NATO by establishing the Warsaw Pact in 1955  The Warsaw Pact countries include: The Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania

21. Berlin 1948-1990

22. Homework:  Map Assignment:  Colour code countries based on whether or not they are part of NATO or the Eastern Block  Identify their geopolitical association  Question: How was the world redrawn after World War II?  You can refer to the map on page 134 of Counterpoints