1. Chapter 25 Body Fluid Compartments Dr. Marko Ljubković Department of Physiology

2. Fluid intake and output, fluid compartments Water intake Ingested Metabolism Water loss Insensible water loss (lungs, skin) Sweat Urine Feces

3. Extracellular and intracellular fluids Plasma vs. interstitial fluid Extracellular vs. intracellular fluid

4. Measurement of fluid volumes Conservation of mass principle C 1 x V 1 = C 2 x V 2 Total body water: 3 H 2 O Extracellular fluid: inulin Intracellular fluid: calculate Plasma volume: 125 I-albumine Blood volume: plasma and Ht Interstitial fluid: EC and plasma

5. Osmotic equilibrium in normal and abnormal states Causes of osmotic disturbances: Diarrhea, vomiting Diabetes insipidus

7. Edema 1.Intracellular Energy depletion (ionic pumps depressed) Inflammation 2.Extracellular (interstitial fluid accumulation) Increased leakage of fluids Impaired lymphatic drainage Filtration = K f x [(Pc + πi) – (Pi + πc)] outward inward

8. Causes of EC edema and Safety factors Safety factors that prevent edema: 1.Low tissue compliance 2.Increased lymph flow 3.Washdown of interstitial fluid protein

9. Chapter 26 Urine Formation by the Kidneys

10. Kidney functions and anatomy Renal functions: Excretion of metabolic products and foreign substances Regulation of water and electrolytes Regulation of body fluid osmolarity Regulation of acid-base balance Regulation of arterial pressure Production and secretion of hormones Gluconeogenesis

11. Structure of the nephron Functional unit of the kidney Site of urine formation App. 1 million in each kidney Cortical and juxtamedullary

12. Glomerular filtration Filtration barrier: endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes

13. Regulation of GFR and RBF Average values: RBF ~ 1100 mL/min RPF ~ 650 mL/min GFR ~ 125 mL/min

14. Excretion = filtration + secretion - reabsorption