1. China After the Revolution The Rise of New Revolutionary Groups

2. Areas to consider  What was the new government following the fall of the Manchu?  Yuan Shikai  The warlord era  Who were the Guomindang (GMD)?  Sun Yatsen and 3 principles  Development of Chinese Communist Party

3. Recap and explore  What were the characteristics of Chinese history?  Challenges of Chinese history?  Interpretations - country divides (China, Japan, USSR, Atlantic community)

4.  ‘A revolution against the world to join the world’  (Abandoned archaic systems - wanted to adapt new W. ideas in order to drive out the foreigners and restore old glories)

5. Rule of Yuan Shikai - ‘Modernising Conservative’  Yuan Shikai (done the deal) - little GMD could do (power in S. Nanjing - govt. N.)  Republicanism too sophisticated for peasants  Yuan acceptable to gentry and merchants - no social reform or economic reform - confusion and uncertainty  Ruled as military dictator (despite frail parliamentary institutions - closed down with provincial assemblies). Opposition bribed or crushed. ‘Emperor’ but rebellions.  No vision for new system; dissolved GMD  Died 1916 - further disintegration

6. The Warlord Era  Yuan had faults – so did Republican contempories – naive and corrupt  Did attempt resolve problems & reassert central authority  At least held the country together  Death ushered in chaotic period ‘the Era of the Warlords’ 1916-27

7. The Warlord Era  Japan ‘21 demands’ – mood of intense nationalism  ‘4 May movement’ – series of anti-foreigner demonstrations  May – month learned about Versailles agreement (lost former German territories – Shandong province, port of Quingdao) despite support for Allies  1919 – embrace of Marxism following Russian Revolution  1921 – founding of CCP – 1922 united front with GMD = ‘a revolutionary alliance’ – rid China of warlords and foreign imperialists

8. Nature of Warlord Rule  Nominal republican government  Little real power – split into factions – couldn’t maintain loyal army so couldn’t impose will on provinces  So provinces under influence of private armies – commanders took civil authority too – answerable to selves  Own laws and taxation systems  Cf. Renaissance Italy or War of Roses in England  ‘Confusion and fragmentation’

9. Phases of Warlord Rule  Pre-1920  Post-1920  First warlords – power by default – in power at time. Conservative.  After 1920 new military commanders appeared – opportunists seized power

10. Sun Yatsen

11. Mao Zedong

12. Sun Yatsen and the GMD

13. The Development of the Chinese Communist Party