1. Urinary System

2. Introduction A.The urinary system consists of two kidneys that filter the blood, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra to convey waste substances to the outside. B.The kidney is a reddish brown, bean- shaped organ 12 centimeters long; it is enclosed in a tough, fibrous capsule. C.The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column.

3. Overall Histology

4. Kidney Functions A.The kidneys function to regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids. B.Remove metabolic wastes from the blood in the process. C.The kidneys also control the rate of RBC formation by secreting erythropoietin. D. Regulate BP by secreting renin.

5. Kidney Structure A.A medial depression in the kidney leads to a hollow renal sinus into which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter. B.Inside the renal sinus lies a renal pelvis that is subdivided into major and minor calyces; small renal papillae project into each minor calyx. C.Two distinct regions are found within the kidney: 1.The renal medulla houses tubes leading to the papillae. 2.The renal cortex contains the nephrons. (The functional units of the kidney)

6. Internal Anatomy of Kidney

7. Nephron Structure A kidney contains one million nephrons. Distal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Bowman’s Capsule glomerulus Nephron loop Collecting duct

8. Renal Blood Vessels A.As renal arteries pass into the kidneys, they branch into successively smaller arteries: B.interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, and afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus.

9. Structure of Renal Corpuscle

10. Urine formation 3 stages: Filtration, Reabsorption and secretion.

11. Filtration 1.Urine formation begins when the fluid portion of the blood leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule as glomerular filtrate. 2.Everything is forced out except: Blood cells, proteins, and other large molecules. Why? 3.On the average, filtration rate is 125 milliliters per minute or 180 liters in 24 hours, most of which is reabsorbed.

12. Reabsorption 1.Changes in the fluid composition from the time glomerular filtrate is formed to when urine arrives at the collecting duct are largely the result of tubular reabsorption of selected substances. 2.Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by active transport, 85% water by osmosis, and proteins by pinocytosis. 3.This reabsorption cannot be controlled and is referred to as Obligate reabsorption.

13. Reabsorption (con’t) 1.The tubule wall is NOT as permeable to nitrogenous compounds so … 2.This remaining 15% of water absorption is under hormonal control (in the distal convoluted tubule) and is referred to as facultative reabsorption. 3.All reabsorbed materials reenter the bloodstream via the peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) surrounding the nephron

14. Secretion 1. Excessive amounts of potassium, sodium and some drugs are secreted from the bloodstream into the filtrate as it passes through the nephron. In addition, pH is regulated as either hydrogen ions or ammonium ions are secreted from the blood into the filtrate.

15. Sodium and Water Reabsorption

16. Blood Pressure Regulation

17. Urea and Uric Acid Excretion A.A.Urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism; uric acid is a by-product of nucleic acid metabolism. B.Urea is passively reabsorbed by diffusion but about 50% of urea is excreted in the urine. C.Most uric acid is reabsorbed by active transport and a small amount is secreted into the renal tubule.

18. Urine Composition (p. 492; see Table 17.1) Urine composition varies from time to time and reflects the amounts of water and solutes that the kidneys eliminate to maintain homeostasis. Urine is 95% water, and also contains urea, uric acid, a trace of amino acids, and electrolytes.

19. Urine Elimination (p. 492) After forming in the nephrons, urine passes from the collecting ducts to the renal papillae, then to the minor and major calyces, and out the renal pelvis to the ureters, urinary bladder, and finally to the urethra, which conveys urine to the outside

20. Micturition (p. 469) 1.Urine leaves the bladder by the micturation reflex. 2.Stretching of the urinary bladder triggers the micturation reflex. 3.Return parasympathetic impulses cause the detrusor muscle to contract in waves, and an urge to urinate is sensed.

21. Micturition (con’t) 4.When these contractions become strong enough, the internal urethral sphincter is forced open. 5.The external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and is under conscious control. 6.The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.