1. Goals: -Vitamins! -Role of accessory organs -Urinary system anatomy

2. Vitamin absorption in the intestinal tract Modified from Said, 2011 -Vitamins are small molecules that cannot be synthesized by humans, required for physiological properties -Water soluble vitamins are commonly absorbed via transport proteins -Vitamin C - Na+ mediated carrier protein interacts with SVCT-1(sodium dependent vitamin c transporter) protein which absorbs ascorbic acid -Vitamin C members act as cofactors with enzymes that mediate collagen synthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and reduction of metal ions -Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) absorption mechanisms are less well known, may be carrier protein mediated or may be via diffusion (Harrison, 2005)

3. Hormones coordinate digestion - produced by the duodenum Gastrin Secretin Gastric inhibitory peptide Chollcysto kinin Vasoactive intestinal peptide

5. Cephalic phase of digestion

6. Gastric phase of digestion

7. Intestinal phase of digestion

8. The liver and pancreas produce bile and enzymes that neutralize stomach acid and digest food

9. The liver is very large, involved in 200+ functions

11. Bile is produced by the liver, stored in the bile duct, digests fats

13. The pancreas has an exocrine function, producing digestive enzymes and buffers to neutralize stomach acid

14. Acini pancreatic cells are exocrine cells

15. Mechanisms of hunger/appetite - CH 22

16. Urinary system Kidneys Functions to: -Adjust blood volume/pressure -Regulate salt concentrations -Stabalize pH -Conserve valuable nutrients -Eliminate wastes

18. The kidneys are retroperotineal organs

20. Internal anatomy of the kidney

21. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney -Tubes of epithelium -Are selectively permeable to various substances -Concentrate wastes in blood, recover valuable components (such as glucose)

22. Anatomy of the bladder -Predominantly smooth muscle -Collects urine from the kidneys (via the ureters) -Stores urine until release

23. The urinary system is sexually dimorphic - Urethra is longer in men, passes prostate gland