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Neuronal Physiology Prepared by: Dr A. Riasi Isfahan University of Technology
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Every cell in animal body displays a membrane potential. Introduction
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Neurons and muscles are excitable cells and can change their membrane potential. Introduction
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Terminology and methodology: Polarization Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization Introduction
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How these information are prepared? There are two techniques for this kind of studies: Introduction Using microelectrodes Patch clamping
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Introduction
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A patch pipette on a cultured neuron
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Introduction The water-soluble ion have to penetrate the plasma membrane using the specific channels.
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Introduction Leak channels (non-gated channels) Gated channels Voltage-gated channels Chemically gated channels (ligand channels) Mechanically channels
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Two basic forms of electrical signals
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We can describe the passive movement of electrical depolarizing by Ohm’s Law: ∆V m = ∆ I × R or ∆ I = ∆Vm × g Two basic forms of electrical signals
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Postsynaptic potentials Receptor potentials End-plate potentials Pacemaker potentials Slow-wave potential The graded potentials are critically important to neurnal function for example: Two basic forms of electrical signals
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Propagation of an action potential Once initiated, action potentials are conducted over the surface of an axon by: Contiguous conduction Saltatory conduction
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Propagation of an action potential
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Absolute and relative refractory periods The refractory period ensures unidirectional propagation of the action potential and limits the frequency of action potentials.
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Absolute and relative refractory periods
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Action potentials occur in all-or- none fashion
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Myelination fiber
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Myelin as insulator layer
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Saltatory conduction
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Pre and post synaptic neuron
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Synapse structure
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Excitatory Synapse from the Central Nervous System (TEM x27,360). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at www.DennisKunkel.com, used without permissionwww.DennisKunkel.com Synapse structure
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Post synaptic potentials
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Grand post-synaptic potential
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Pre-synaptic inhibition
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Convergence and divergence
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