1. A Cross-Sectional Study on the Effect of Smoking on the Semen Analysis of 21 year old males and older in Barangay Cembo, Makati City from May – June 2009 Baraan, Amadeus Capco, Diorella Anne Manotok, Ma. Veronica Mata, Cecille Moderes, Vincent Nova, Isabelle Ortiz Luis, Guinevere Osias, Jerny Pabalan, Jorja Palis, Alexandra Jean Pallera, Julius Peñaflorida, Andrea

2. Community dimensions SECONDARILY RELATED TO HEALTH

3. Barangay Profile Previously a housing area for enlisted members at Fort William McKinley Population = 28,815 Physical structures – Homes – Government offices – Schools – Trading establishments

4. Barangay Profile Transport and communication – Tricycles, taxi, jeepneys, Fx taxi – Landline, mobile phones Leadership – One barangay captain – Seven barangay councilors – Sangguniang Kabataan

5. Community dimensions DIRECTLY RELATED TO HEALTH

6. Age Distribution (2007 Data) Total population (2007) = 21,623 – Males = 10,419 – Females = 11,214 – 5-9 years old = 3092 – 1-4 years old = 2855 – 10-14 years old = 2660

7. Table 2. MAKATI HEALTH DEPARTMENT VITAL HEALTH STATISTICS Total live births Male246 Female270 516 Distribution of maternal deliveries Home71 lying-in155 govt hosp143 Private hosp147

8. Ten Leading causes of morbidity on all ages in Barangay Cembo, Makati (2008)

12. Background Males produce semen in the process of intercourse – from the male gonad, Contains spermatozoa – alkaline mucus helps neutralize acidity Smoking is known to produce adverse effects to the body – Degenerative disease – Nicotine deterrent to spermatozoa

13. prevalence of smoking adult males at 46% between 20 and 39 years (Langgassner, 1999) Studies performed in the last 5 years reveal a decrease in sperm quality in relation to smoking – Males of the reproductive age – Sperm analysis done

14. Objectives General: This study aims to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on the semen analysis of males, particularly on the parameters of semen volume, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and sperm count.

15. Specific: Provide baseline information on the effect of cigarette smoking and sperm characteristics of males residing at Cembo, Makati Describe the participants of the study as to the socio-demographic characteristics; and

16. Determine the association between cigarette smoking of males to the following parameters: – semen volume – sperm motility – sperm morphology – sperm count

17. Scope and Limitations legal age for to avoid sensitive issues regarding the sexual aspect of our study Barangay Cembo, Makati City To exclude residents with existing comorbidities sperm analysis – individual influence on each parameter may be described may contribute to baseline knowledge

18. Methodology Inclusion criteria – Males aged 21 and older – Residents of Cembo Sample Collection – Participants advised for a three day abstinence Data Analysis – Odds ratio, sample size determination Sample Size n is the required sample size t is the confidence level at 95% (standard value of 1.96) p is the estimated prevalence of smoking m is the margin of error at 5% (standard value of 0.05) n=n=t² x p(1-p) m²

19. RESULTS

20. Sociodemographic Characteristics Smoker GroupNon-smoker Group (N = 24)(N = 6) Charateristic Age – yr 22-5728-48 Married - no./total no. 19/24 (79.2%)4/6 (66.7%) Comorbidities - no/total no. 11/24 (45.8%/)1/6 (16.7%) Personal & Social History Alcoholic beverage drinker 19/24 (79.2%)2/6 (33.3%) Illicit drug use 3/24 (12.5%)1/6 (16.7%)

21. Semen Volume

22. Sperm Motility

23. Sperm Morphology

24. Sperm Count

25. Majority of results were normal – Sample size was less than expected Abnormal results were detected among the population – Smokers – No existing disease Odds ratio – semen volume (0.4) – sperm motility (0.71) – sperm morphology (0.45) – sperm count (0.2272)

26. Discussion smoking decreases the quality of semen parameters – Chia et al (1998), Hellstrom et al (2006), Eskenazi et al (2003), Sofikitis et al (1995), Zinaman et al (2000), Sloter et al (2006), Mehrannia, T. (2007) This study’s result = – More participants with normal semen parameters – Abnormal parameters identified

27. Summary Cigarette smoking is a public health concern Male reproductive health also a focus for concern Male constituents of a population was studied – Reproductive age – Varied socio-demographic characteristics No clear trend seen from the data Abnormal semen parameters seen

28. Recommendations Another study to verify data is suggested – Improve sample size – To see association with pack-years and effects on semen analysis – Standardize manner of semen collection Address the subjects regarding sensitivity of issue – Administer public health lectures – Encouragement by the local government units

29. Thank you