1. Forensic Science Paradigm Mark Pollitt Associate Professor

3. Forensic Science Paradigm Inman &Rudin – Principles Divisible Matter Transfer – Processes Identification Classification/individualization Association Reconstruction

4. Identification The physiochemical nature of the evidence (Saferstein, 1998) “What is it?” Knowing the content/components may be the only information needed Examples; drugs, poisons, child pornography

5. Classification/Individualization Identify the source of the evidence (Kirk,1963 & DeForest, 1983) Comparing items to determine if they originate from a common source Result can be either classified or individualized (individual or class evidence) Examples; fingerprints, DNA, bullets

6. Comparison Identification

7. Association Connects a person to a crime scene (Osterberg, 1968) Transference may be in one or two directions Probability of evidence weighed by uniqueness of elements Combining class evidence items Examples; fibers, soil, glass, paint

8. Fiber Evidence Wool Cotton Flax

9. Reconstruction Understanding the sequence of events (Deforest, et al 1983) Ordering associations in time and space Answers “when, where and how” Examples; trajectory/blood splatter analysis, forensic pathology

10. Discussion Question! Which of the four processes is used in digital evidence?

11. It is important to Understand These concepts will be critical to designing and conducting digital forensic examinations. You will likely want to refer to these slides when you start designing exams.