1. Morphology: Lexical category Linguistics 200 Spring 2006

2. Lexical category = ‘part of speech’, ‘grammatical category’ = ‘part of speech’, ‘grammatical category’ What are the lexical categories? What are the lexical categories? of a given language? of a given language? across languages? across languages? Why this is important in linguistics Why this is important in linguistics Words of different lexical categories have different properties Words of different lexical categories have different properties Can combine with certain affixes (e.g.) to form words Can combine with certain affixes (e.g.) to form words Can combine with certain words (e.g.) to form sentences Can combine with certain words (e.g.) to form sentences (Imagine a dictionary which didn’t include lexical category) (Imagine a dictionary which didn’t include lexical category)

3. Determining lexical category Morphological tests: what kinds of bound morphemes can be added to morphemes in category X? Morphological tests: what kinds of bound morphemes can be added to morphemes in category X? Syntactic tests: what kinds of words can be juxtaposed? Syntactic tests: what kinds of words can be juxtaposed? Typical lg description Typical lg description nouns: X, Y, Z characteristics (in lg. P) nouns: X, Y, Z characteristics (in lg. P) verbs: A, B, C characteristics (in lg. Q) verbs: A, B, C characteristics (in lg. Q) adjectives: … adjectives: … …

4. Verbs Meanings: denote actions, events, states Meanings: denote actions, events, states But meaning is not always a reliable guide But meaning is not always a reliable guide ‘hungry’ is an adjective in English ‘hungry’ is an adjective in English  n  wi ‘be hungry’ is a verb in Sahaptin  n  wi ‘be hungry’ is a verb in Sahaptin Some Sahaptin verbs Some Sahaptin verbs s  nwi ‘talk’ s  nwi ‘talk’ p  ju ‘be sick, hurt’ p  ju ‘be sick, hurt’ k  m ‘miss’ k  m ‘miss’ pnú ‘sleep’ pnú ‘sleep’

5. Characteristics of Sahaptin verbs Can be affixed with tense/aspect suffixes Can be affixed with tense/aspect suffixes –š  imperfective (unless irregular) –š  imperfective (unless irregular) -(n)  habitual -(n)  habitual -t  future -t  future Can be affixed with person/number affixes Can be affixed with person/number affixes  i- 3sg  i- 3sg p  - 3pl p  - 3pl -k 2sg imperative, etc. -k 2sg imperative, etc.

6. Typically refer to objects, classes of objects, concepts Typically refer to objects, classes of objects, concepts Some Sahaptin nouns Some Sahaptin nouns  ‘crow’  ‘crow’  w  nš ‘man’  w  nš ‘man’ tiin  wit ‘culture, tradition’ tiin  wit ‘culture, tradition’ Morphological test Morphological test cannot be affixed with tense/aspect suffixes cannot be affixed with tense/aspect suffixes Syntactic test (‘frame’) for nouns Syntactic test (‘frame’) for nouns ___ verb or verb ___ ___ verb or verb ___  ipnúš  ‘he’s sleeping’  ipnúš  ‘he’s sleeping’  ipnúš   w  nš or  w  nš  ipnúš  ‘the man is sleeping’  ipnúš   w  nš or  w  nš  ipnúš  ‘the man is sleeping’ Nouns

7. Some affixes change lexical category (‘category- changing’) Some affixes change lexical category (‘category- changing’) E.g. –/t’  w  s/ instrument: ] V __ ] N E.g. –/t’  w  s/ instrument: ] V __ ] N (“attaches to verbs, forms nouns”) [[  q’íwi] V t’  w  s] N N(oun) N(oun) V(erb) V(erb) |  q’íwi ‘play’ t’  w  s  q’íwi ‘play’ t’  w  s Phonology applies to word after morphemes joined together: [  q’iwit’  w  s] ‘toy’ A noun-forming affix

8. A verb forming affix -i ‘do with N’: ] N ___ ] V -i ‘do with N’: ] N ___ ] V t  tp  s ‘shirt, dress’ (noun) t  tp  s ‘shirt, dress’ (noun) t  tp  si ‘wear, put on shirt, dress’ (verb) t  tp  si ‘wear, put on shirt, dress’ (verb) t  tp  sik ‘put on your shirt’ (-k 2sg imperative) t  tp  sik ‘put on your shirt’ (-k 2sg imperative)  jn ‘iron’ (noun)  jn ‘iron’ (noun)  jni ‘iron, press’ (verb)  jni ‘iron, press’ (verb)  jnik ‘iron it’  jnik ‘iron it’

9. More morphological properties of nouns Cannot occur with verb affixes Cannot occur with verb affixes Can occur with case suffixes (next week) Can occur with case suffixes (next week) Nouns have dual and plural forms, but 2 types of nouns Nouns have dual and plural forms, but 2 types of nouns Animate, independently mobile Animate, independently mobile -in dual, -ma plural -in dual, -ma plural Inanimate or immobile Inanimate or immobile dual/plural formed via reduplication dual/plural formed via reduplication

10. Animate nouns Animate and independently mobile nouns Animate and independently mobile nouns Form plurals with -m  Form plurals with -m   ‘crow,  m  ‘crows’  ‘crow,  m  ‘crows’  p’úus ‘cat’,  p’úusm  ‘cats’  p’úus ‘cat’,  p’úusm  ‘cats’  j  t ‘woman’,  j  tm  ‘women’  j  t ‘woman’,  j  tm  ‘women’  č’  č’  ‘ghost’,  č’  č’  m  ‘ghosts’  č’  č’  ‘ghost’,  č’  č’  m  ‘ghosts’

11. Inanimate nouns Inanimate or not independently mobile Inanimate or not independently mobile Form plural via reduplication (copy all or part of morpheme) Form plural via reduplication (copy all or part of morpheme) Inanimate Inanimate pšw  ‘rock’, pšw  pšw  ‘rocks’ pšw  ‘rock’, pšw  pšw  ‘rocks’  t  t ‘tooth’,  t  t  t  t ‘teeth’  t  t ‘tooth’,  t  t  t  t ‘teeth’ w  l  ‘creek’, w  l  w  l  ‘creeks’ (Walla Walla) w  l  ‘creek’, w  l  w  l  ‘creeks’ (Walla Walla) Immobile animate (e.g. plants) Immobile animate (e.g. plants) l  tít ‘flower’, l  títl  tit ‘flowers’ l  tít ‘flower’, l  títl  tit ‘flowers’

12. Adjectives Have dual and plural forms, like nouns Have dual and plural forms, like nouns Syntactic tests: Syntactic tests: ___ noun ___ noun čilwít ‘bad’ tk w  t  t ‘food’ čilwít ‘bad’ tk w  t  t ‘food’ *___ verb or *verb ___, except *___ verb or *verb ___, except w  - ‘be’ w  - ‘be’  iw  ‘it is, he is, she is’ (note irregular imperfective form without –š  )  iw  ‘it is, he is, she is’ (note irregular imperfective form without –š  ) p  w  ‘they are’ p  w  ‘they are’

13. Verbs vs. adjectives  t  w ‘valuable, important’ (adjective)  t  w ‘valuable, important’ (adjective)  t  w iw  ‘it’s valuable’  t  w iw  ‘it’s valuable’ *  i  t  wš  *  i  t  wš  (  t  wi ‘love, like, value’ (verb) (  t  wi ‘love, like, value’ (verb)  i  t  wiša ‘he likes…’)  i  t  wiša ‘he likes…’)  n  wi ‘be hungry’ (verb)  n  wi ‘be hungry’ (verb)  i  n  wiš  ‘he’s hungry’  i  n  wiš  ‘he’s hungry’ *  n  wi iw  *  n  wi iw 

14. Summary Sahaptin lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective Sahaptin lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective Used in different syntactic and morphological contexts Used in different syntactic and morphological contexts Subcategories of lexical categories may also need to be distinguished; may have different morphological or syntactic characteristics Subcategories of lexical categories may also need to be distinguished; may have different morphological or syntactic characteristics Change in lexical category can be accomplished with the addition of certain affixes Change in lexical category can be accomplished with the addition of certain affixes