1. 1790-1860 The Ferment of Reform and Culture

2. A. Reviving Religion Alexis de Tocqueville’s visit  America’s church going nature Deism  Faith was superstition  Rejected “divinity of Christ”  Supreme Being – “clockmaker”  Jefferson, Paine Unitarian  God 1 person “uni”  Rejected “divinity of Christ”  People good – “good works”  Intellectuals – Ralph Waldo Emerson

3. A. Reviving Religion (cont) 1830’s - 2 nd Great Awakening Similarities to 1 st Awakening  Rural movement  Emotional “camp meetings”  Appealed to common classes  National movement Differences to 1 st Awakening  Led to other movements  Prison reform  Education  Temperance  Abolitionism  Women’s suffrage Methodists and Baptists grow Preachers – Cartwright, Finney

4. B. Denominational Diversity Western NY – “Burned Over District”  revival preaching Millerites and Mormons  New religions Gap between classes grows  S/W – Methodist or Baptist  N/E – Congregationalist or Unitarian

5. C. A Desert Zion in Utah 1830 – Joseph Smith  Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints. Mormon troubles  Polygamy, militia, voting block Brigham Young  Mormon Trail to Utah 1896 - Statehood

6. D. Free School for a Free People Tax money controversy Jacksonian Democracy  Educated voters Poor teachers Horace Mann  “Father of Public Education”  3 R’s Noah Webster – Dictionary William McGuffey - Reader

7. E. Higher Goals for Higher Learning University of North Carolina  First state-supported University New colleges for women  1821 - Troy Female Seminary  1837 – Mt. Holyoke Seminary

8. F. An Age of Reform Widespread reform movement  Women motivators  Rid society of vices From punishment to reform  Reforming wrong-doers Dorothea Dix – prison reform American Peace Society  William Ladd - pacifist

9. G. Demon Rum – the “Old Deluder” Temperance – ban alcohol  Vices of alcohol  Led by women  Protect home/family 1826 - American Temperance Society T.S. Arthur – “Ten Nights in a Barroom.. ” Maine Law of 1851 – Neal Dow  First to prohibit alcohol

10. H. Women in Revolt Women’s roles & “spinsters” Women’s job to “civilize” men “Cult of Domesticity”  Women run the home  No role outside the home Teaching  Beecher Suffrage  Mott, Anthony, Stanton Abolitionism  Grimke Sisters 1848 - Seneca Falls Convention  “Declaration of Sentiments”

11. I. Wilderness Utopias Utopia (perfect society) Robert Owen – New Harmony Brook Farm, Massachusetts Oneida Community  Communal, free love, flatware Shakers  Religious group  Simple lives  Separation of sexes

12. J. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Scientific achievements  Bowditch – navigation  Maury – ocean studies  Silliman – chemist  Agassiz – biologist  Gray – botanist  Audubon – naturalist – birds Primitive Medicine  “bleeding” and “purging”  Lack of sanitation  “cure-alls” – mostly alcohol

13. K. Artistic Achievements Imitating Europe American Painters  Stuart – portraits  Peale – portraits  Trumbull – Rev. War “Darky Songs”  Stereotypical of African- Americans  Stephen Foster – Suwanee River

14. L. The Blossoming of National Literature Literature becomes “American”  Irving – “Sleepy Hollow”  Cooper – “Last of the Mohicans”  Bryant – “Thanatopsis”

15. M. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Transcendentalism  Intellectual movement  Knowledge “transcends” senses  People reach “inner light” Ralph Waldo Emerson  “Self-Reliance”  Individualism  “cultural” independence Henry David Thoreau  “Walden” – lived in woods  “Civil Disobedience” – peaceful resistance – Gandhi/King Jr. Walt Whitman - poet  “Leaves of Grass”

16. N. Glowing Literary Lights Notable Authors  Longfellow – “Hiawatha”  Whittier – anti-slavery poems  Lowell – “Biglow Papers”  Holmes – “The Last Leaf” Female Writers  Alcott – “Little Women”  Dickinson – love poems Simms – Southern Life

17. O. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Edgar Allen Poe – “The Raven” Theme of “original sin”  Hawthorne – “Scarlet Letter”  Melville – “Moby Dick”

18. P. Portrayers of the Past Historical writers: George Bancroft  “Father of American History” William Prescott  Mexico/Peru Francis Parkman  England/France