1. Dialogue Vehicles and Their Roles for Northeast Asia Energy Cooperation Sang Yul Shim Korea Energy Economics Institute October 18, 2002

2. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Potential trans-boundary energy projects and their major features  Khabarovsk Communique  Senior Officials Meeting and its roles  Working Groups (Expert Groups) and their roles Major Points for Presentation

3. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Trans-NEA pipeline construction and joint development of natural gas fields  Interstate electricity ties  Joint programs to cope with oil supply disruption Potential Trans-boundary Energy Projects

4. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Plurilateral or multilateral processes among NEA counties in terms of dialogues, negotiations and formal agreements  Multi-dimensional phenomenon including project economics, transnational fiscal and legal systems, secured supply of energy, and trans-boundary environmental consideration  Complementary position, i.e., open relationship, with other regional cooperative organizations, e.g., APEC, OPEC, etc.  All these features cannot be dealt with efficiently at the national or private firm levels, and thus require a binding agreement, general or project-specific. Major Features of Interstate Energy Projects

5. Korea Energy Economics Institute North-East Asia Expert Group Meeting The inter-governmental meeting attended by 57 participants, senior and high-level officials as well as resource persons, from the six countries of the region, namely, China, DPRK, Japan, Mongolia, ROK, and Russian Federation * Excerpted from http://www.unescap.org/enrd/energy KhabarovskCommunique in October 2001* Khabarovsk Communique in October 2001* First Step towards Multilateral Dialogues

6. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Driving forces Considerable potential for trans-boundary energy cooperation Need for an inter-governmental forum  Objectives Increase the supply of energy from the NEA region Optimize the efficiency of supply and use of energy Minimize the environmental impact of energy projects through improved energy mix KhabarovskCommunique Khabarovsk Communique Driving Forces and Objectives

7. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Sovereign rights over energy resources  Free and fair trade of energy products  Free and non-discriminatory transit of energy products  Consideration of a special support to DPRK and Mongolia in recognition of disparities in economic development  Investment promotion and protection  Environmental protection KhabarovskCommunique Khabarovsk Communique Basic Principles

8. Korea Energy Economics Institute  A Senior Officials Meeting between six countries of the NEA region  A Secretariat UN ESCAP as Interim Secretariat  Working Groups on: Energy Planning, Programming and Restructuring Emerging Energy Technology and Scientific Cooperation and their Financial, Social and Environmental Impact Electric Power Interconnection Interstate Transit of Fossil Fuels Development of a North-East Asian Energy Charter KhabarovskCommunique Khabarovsk Communique Further Consultations for Future Institutional Arrangement

9. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Participants enlarged to include representatives from other regional cooperative organizations and international financial institutions  Anticipated roles Refining major elements of energy cooperation Organizing joint studies and making a NEA Vision Report Stipulating terms of reference for activities of Working Groups (Expert Groups) Supporting sub-regional or regional forums to develop cooperative schemes, and to propagate shared interests and business potential Preparing a legal and institutional framework Senior Officials Meeting Expanded Participants and Anticipated Roles

10. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Issues of short- and long-term vision (objectives) Identification of short- and long-term vision, and trade-off Project-specific vision versus overall vision  Issues of basic principles General principles such as free trade and transit, etc. Exceptional or transitional approaches to facilitate dialogue process reflecting special attention to disparate natures of economic development and market structure  Issues of a legal and institutional framework Project-specific agreement or general agreement on cooperation Senior Officials Meeting: Anticipated Roles Refining Major Elements of Energy Cooperation

11. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Need for joint studies and a Vision Report Recognizing shared interests and mutual benefits by consensus Promoting participation of relevant countries Obtaining political will and support from top level officials of governments of NEA countries  Joint studies to be conducted by Working Groups (Expert Groups) based on terms of reference including selected subjects which will be specified by the SOM  Based upon joint study reports of Working Groups, a NEA Vision Report to be made by an ad hoc NEA Vision Group established by the SOM Senior Officials Meeting: Anticipated Roles Organizing Joint Studies and Making a NEA Vision Report

12. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Prospective participants enlarged to include resource persons from other regional cooperative organizations and international financial institutions  Anticipated roles Economic, technical and financial analyses of trans-boundary energy projects: identification of project economics, mutual benefits, barriers and counter-measures Analysis of the sufficient size for energy cooperation in terms of the number of countries, i.e., plurilateral or multilateral involvement Analysis of the cooperative framework, joining or adapting one of existing frameworks or taking a new approach Organizing and holding relevant forums Working Groups (Expert Groups) Expanded Participants and Anticipated Roles

13. Korea Energy Economics Institute  Groundwork for dialogue channels to initiate NEA energy cooperation has been laid.  Next step is to formalize institutional arrangements, and to develop a cooperative framework for the facilitation of the realization of interstate potential energy projects. Concluding Remarks