1. Health Science Technology

2. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

3. Scrotum
Pouch of skin that hangs at root of penis and contains the testes
Superficial fascia divides scrotum into right & left halves
Provides temperature about 3°C below body temperature for proper sperm production

4. Testes Seminiferous tubules: sperm factories
Series of tubes carries sperm from testes to epididymis
Interstitial cells or Leydig cells: produce androgens, especially testosterone
Testicular arteries & veins: provide blood & help maintain temperature

6. Epididymis Stores immature sperm temporarily
Takes about 20 days for sperm to mature

7. Ductus Deferens Muscle contractions to propel live sperm to urethra
During ejaculation smooth muscle contractions rapidly squeezes sperm forward
Cut during a vasectomy for birth control

8. Urethra
Conveys urine & semen to tip of penis

9. Seminal Vesicles Located at base of bladder
Produces 60% of fluid in semen
Fructose, ascorbic acid, amino acids, & prostaglandins
Sperm & seminal fluid mix in ejaculatory duct

10. Prostate Gland 33% of semen volume
Milky alkaline fluid that activates sperm

11. Bulbourethral Glands Cowper’s glands Produce thick, clear mucus
Released prior to ejaculation
Neutralize traces of acidic urine & lubricant during intercourse

12. Semen Mixture of sperm & secretions
Transport medium, nutrients, & chemicals that protect & facilitate movement of sperm
Hormone relaxin enhance sperm motility
Basic pH neutralizes acidic environment of vagina

13. Semen 2 - 6 ml released during ejaculation
million sperm in each ml

14. Physiology of Male Reproductive System

15. Spermatogenesis
Sequence of events in seminiferous tubules of testes that leads to production of male gametes or sperm
Healthy male produces several hundred million sperm per day

16. Effects of Testosterone
At puberty testosterone prompts spermatogenesis
Causes reproductive organs to grow & assume adult functions
As adult normal levels of testosterone are required to maintain normal structure & function of reproductive organ

17. Penis Anatomy
Two parallel columns of spongy tissue called the corpus cavernosa, or erectile bodies.
A central spongy chamber called the corpus spongiosum, which contains the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder through the penis.

18. Erection
The man's parasympatheitc nervous system stimulates the release of a number of chemicals, including nitric oxide.
Nitric oxide causes the relaxation of smooth muscles in the arteries of the penis. This allows blood to flow into the tiny pool-like corpus cavernosa, flooding the penis.
This increased blood flow nearly doubles the diameter of the spongy chambers.
The veins surrounding the chambers are squeezed almost completely shut by this pressure.
The veins are unable to drain blood out of the penis and so the penis becomes rigid and erect.
After ejaculation or arousal, cyclic GMP is broken down by an enzyme called phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5), and other compounds are released that cause the penis to become flaccid (unerect) again.

19. Ejaculation Propulsion of semen from male duct system
Reproductive ducts & glands contract peristaltically emptying their contents into urethra
Bladder sphincter muscle constricts preventing expulsion of urine

20. Ejaculation
Bulbospongiosus muscles of penis undergo rapid series of contractions propelling semen from the urethra

21. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

22. Ovaries
Inside are many tiny saclike structures called ovarian follicles
Each month in adult women one mature follicle ejects its oocyte called ovulation
Changes into structure called corpus luteum

23. Fallopian Tubes Tubes that connect the ovary with the uterus
Provide site where fertilization can occur
Fimbriae become active close to ovulation, they create currents in peritoneal fluid & usually carry oocyte into uterine tube

24. Fallopian Tubes
Egg (Oocyte) is carried toward uterus by peristalsis & rhythmic beating of cilia

25. Uterus Size & shape of pear
Hollow, thick-walled organ that functions to receive, retain, & nourish a fertilized egg and developing baby

26. Uterine Wall 2 main layers
-Myometrium: thick layer of smooth muscles, plays active role in childbirth
-Endometrium: simple columnar epithelium anchored by thick connective tissue
highly vascular

27. Vagina Thin-walled fibromuscular tube Birth canal
Receives penis & semen during intercourse
pH to reduce possibility of infection

28. Mammary Glands
Present in both sexes, become functional only in females
Areola: pigmented area that surrounds nipple
Alveolar glands: produce milk when woman is lactating

29. Mammary Glands Lactiferous ducts: carry milk to outside of body
Lactiferous sinus or ampulla: sinus where milk accumulates during lactation

30. Physiology of Female Reproductive System

31. Menstrual Cycle 3 phases: -Menstrual phase
-Follicular (Proliferative) phase
-Ovulation
-Luteal (Secretory) phase
Typical cycle lasts 28 days, but can range from days.

33. Menstrual Phase
Begins on first day of menses – due to decreased progesterone levels
Contunues from Day 1- Day 4
Endometrial layer of uterus is sloughed-off.

34. Follicular (Proliferative) Phase
Days 4-14
Proliferation of new endometrium layer of uterus
Grows in response to increased estrogen levels.
Prepares uterus for potential fertilization of egg.

36. Ovulation
Day 14
Surge of LH (Lutenizing Hormone) from Pituitary Gland causes Ovary wall to rupture and expel an oocyte (egg)
In 1 - 2% of ovulations, more than one oocyte is released, which could result in multiple births

37. Luteal (Secretory) Phase
Days
Oocyte (egg) increases in size & now called corpus luteum
Begins to secrete progesterone which maintains the endometrial lining.

38. Luteal (Secretory) Phase
If the oocyte is not fertilized by a sperm, the egg (called the corpus luteum) begins to die.
When the egg dies, Progesterone levels decrease (the corpus luteum produces progesterone).
Progesterone is necessary to maintain the endometrial lining of the uterus.
This leads to the endometrial lining being sloughed-off, marking the beginning of the next menses.

40. Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Cycle
-Estrogen and Progesterone release cause negative feedback or inhibitory effect on release of LH & FSH from anterior pituitary. -This prevents ovulation from occurring. -This is the basis for Birth Control Pills.

41. Disorders of Menstruation
Dysmenorrhea: painful menses assoc with increased prostaglandins, leading to constriction of blood vessels and cramping.
Menorrhagia: abnormally heavy menstrual blood flow (>80 cc/cycle). May lead to symptomatic anemia.

42. Disorders of Menstruation
Metorrhagia: intermenstrual bleeding, usually associated with low progesterone levels.
Polymenorrhea: menses more frequently than every 21 days.
Oligomenorrhea: menses less frequently than every 35 days.

43. Disorders of Menstruation
Primary Amenorrhea: failure to menstruate by age 16.
Secondary Amenorrhea: absence of menses for at least 6 months in a woman with previously normal menses.