1. Introduction to Programming
授課老師：林川傑

2. 課程資訊 教師 課程網頁 助教 (TA) 林川傑 INS609 分機6610 cjlin@ntou.edu.tw
助教 (TA)
陳邵亨 INS605 分機6636
劉耆定 INS605 分機6636
黃若萍 INS114A 分機6633

3. 課程資訊 課本 (Textbook) 評分原則 (Grades)
C Programming - A Modern Approach, K. N. King, 2nd Ed., Norton.
評分原則 (Grades)
期中考 Midterm Exam 30%
期末考 Final Exam 35%
作業及隨堂考 Homework, etc. 30%
平時表現 Additional 5%
期中、期末、作業任一項0分者無法及格

4. Introducing C
Chapter 1

5. Programming Languages (程式語言)
Hundreds of languages have been invented.
Three major types
Machine languages (機械語言、機器碼)
Assembly languages (組合語言)
High-level languages (高階語言)

6. Machine Languages (機械語言)
Machine-dependent (隨機器而不同)
Different machines codes for different kinds of computers
IBM x86 machines
Sun Sparc Workstation
Examples:

7. Assembly Languages (組合語言)
用類似英文的字來代表電腦動作
用 assemblers (組譯器) 來翻譯成機器碼
Example:
LOAD PRICE
ADD TIP
STORE TOTAL
assembler

8. High-Level Languages (高階語言)
程式碼就像日常英文
採用數學符號
用 compilers (編譯器) 來編譯成機器碼
Example:
TOTAL = PRICE + TIP

9. History of C
Origins
Ken Thompson at Bell Lab designed a language called B for the further development of UNIX, which was originally written in assembly language.
Dennis Ritchie joined the UNIX project and found that B was not well-suited to another platform. So he extended B into C in 1971.

10. History of C Standardization
The first book on C, the C Programming Language, was written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie in 1978.
By the 1980s, Many slight variations of C existed and they were not always compatible.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) created a "unambiguous, machine-independent" definition in 1988 and formally approved in 1989 (C89 or C90, or ANSI C).

11. History of C Standardization
It was approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as international standard ISO/IEC 9899:1990.
Some significant changes were added into C. Therefore, it came a new standard ISO/IEC 9899:1999 in (C99)
C99 is not universal yet.

12. C-Based Languages
C++ includes all the features of C, but adds classes and other features to support object-oriented programming.
Java is based on C++.
C# is derived from Java and C++.
Perl was originally a fairly simple scripting language but now adopted many of the features of C.

13. Philosophy of C C is a low-level language. C is a small language.
C provides access to machine-level concepts.
C is a small language.
C only provides a limited set of features.
C is a permissive language.
C allows you a wider degree of programming.

14. Strengths of C Efficiency Portability Power
C programs can run quickly in limited amounts of memory.
Portability
By developing C compilers in different platforms, C programs can be ported to another machine.
Power
C's large collection of data types and operators make it powerful.

15. Strengths of C Flexibility Standard library Integration with UNIX
C is now used for applications of all kinds. Moreover, C provides very few restrictions on the use of its features.
Standard library
C's standard library contains hundreds of useful functions.
Integration with UNIX
C is powerful in combination with UNIX.

16. Weaknesses of C C programs can be error-prone.
C's flexibility makes it error-prone. Many errors cannot be detected by a C compiler but caught until the program is run.
C programs can be difficult to understand.
C programmers are often very clever to use and combine the features in many different ways which make the programs hard to understand.
C programs can be difficult to modify.
C programs can be hard to change if they haven't be carefully designed.

17. Example of Obfuscated C Code
v,i,j,k,l,s,a[99];
main()
{ for(scanf("%d",&s);*a-s;v=a[j*=v]-a[i], k=i<s,j+=(v=j<s&&(!k&&!!printf(2+"\n\n%c"-(!l<<!j),"#Q"[l^v?(l^j)&1:2])&& ++l||a[i]<s&&v&&v-i+j&&v+i-j))&&!(l%=s), v||(i==j?a[i+=k]=0:++a[i])>=s*k&&++a[--i]) ; }
Solutions to the Eight Queens problem, written by Osovslanski and Nissenbaum

18. Suggestions to Effective Use of C
Learn how to avoid C pitfalls.
Use software tools to make programs more reliable.
Take advantage of existing code libraries.
Adopt a sensible set of coding conventions.
Such as naming convention
Avoid "tricks" and overly complex code.
Stick to the standard.