1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 The Muscular System: Part A

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION Muscle tone is ________. A.the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements B.the feeling of well-being following exercise C.a state of sustained partial contraction D.the condition of athletes after intensive training

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. A.secretion B.contractility C.extensibility D.excitability

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION After nervous stimulation stops, ACh in the synaptic cleft is prevented from continuing stimulation of contraction by ________. A.calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae B.the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved C.acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh D.the action potential stopped going down the overloaded T tubules

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION The functional role of the T tubules is to ________. A.stabilize the G and F actin B.enhance cellular communication during contraction C.hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle D.synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell? A.perimysium B.endomysium C.epimysium D.fascicle

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the ________. A.sarcoplasmic reticulum B.mitochondria C.intermediate filament network D.myofibrillar network

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION Calcium ions bind to the ________ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. A.actin B.tropomyosin C.troponin D.myosin

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________. A.increasing stimulus above the threshold B.increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus C.increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus D.recruiting small and medium muscle fibers

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate? A.skeletal B.cardiac C.smooth D.no muscle can regenerate

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP QUESTION Which of the following statements is true regarding the total number of skeletal muscles in the human body? A.There are approximately the same number of muscles as bones: 206. B.There are approximately 350 muscles in the body. C.There are over 600 muscles in the body. D.If one considers the very tiny, insignificant muscles, there are over 1000 muscles in the body.

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups 1.Prime movers 2.Antagonists

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups 1.Prime movers Provide the major force for producing a specific movement 2.Antagonists Oppose or reverse a particular movement

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups 3.Synergists 4.Fixators

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups 3.Synergists Add force to a movement Reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement 4.Fixators Synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE Muscles that help to maintain posture are often called synergists.

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE Muscles that help to maintain posture are often called synergists.

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION A muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement is called ________. A.a synergist B.an agonist C.an antagonist D.a fixator

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) ________. A.antagonist B.fixator C.synergist D.protagonist

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Skeletal Muscles How are the skeletal muscles named? L S D # of A

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Skeletal Muscles Location—bone or body region associated with the muscle Shape—e.g., deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle) Relative size—e.g., maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long) Direction of fibers or fascicles—e.g., rectus (fibers run straight), transversus, and oblique (fibers run at angles to an imaginary defined axis)

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Skeletal Muscles Number of origins—e.g., biceps (2 origins) and triceps (3 origins) Location of attachments—named according to point of origin or insertion Action—e.g., flexor or extensor, muscles that flex or extend, respectively

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION What primarily determines the power of a muscle? A.the length B.the shape C.the number of neurons innervating it D.the total number of muscle cells available for contraction

24. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College C H A P T E R Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Arrangements

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same.

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same.

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles Circular Convergent

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles Circular Fascicles arranged in concentric rings (e.g., orbicularis oris) Convergent Fascicles converge toward a single tendon insertion (e.g., pectoralis major)

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION Orbicularis oris ________. A.closes, purses, and protrudes the lips B.pulls the lower lip down and back C.draws the eyebrows together D.allows blinking, squinting, and various other protective mechanisms for the eye

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles Parallel Fusiform

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles Parallel Fascicles parallel to the long axis of a straplike muscle (e.g., sartorius) Fusiform Spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers (e.g., biceps brachii)

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles Pennate

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscle Mechanics: Arrangement of Fascicles Pennate Short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle (e.g., rectus femoris)

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE 1.The arrangement of a muscle ʹ s fascicles determines its range of motion and power.

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE 1.The arrangement of a muscle ʹ s fascicles determines its range of motion and power.

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE 1.Muscle power does not depend on the direction of the fascicles.

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. TRUE OR FALSE 1.Muscle power does not depend on the direction of the fascicles.

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION With regard to muscle fiber arrangement in a pennate muscle ________. A.the fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle B.the fascicular pattern is circular C.the fascicles form a triangle D.the fascicles are in a fusiform arrangement

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION The muscles that are found at openings of the body are collectively called ________. A.convergent muscles B.circular muscles C.parallel muscles D.divergent muscles

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.1 (a) (b) (e) (d) (g) (f) (c) Circular (orbicularis oris) (b) Convergent (pectoralis major) (c) Parallel (sartorius) (d) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus) (f) Fusiform (biceps brachii) (g) Multipennate (deltoid) (e) Bipennate (rectus femoris)

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body Grouped by function and location Information for each muscle Name and description—note information in the name Origin and insertion—there is usually a joint between the origin and the insertion Action—insertion moves toward origin; best learned by acting out muscle movement on one’s own body Innervation—name of major nerve that supplies the muscle

42. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, you can assume that ________. A.the muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively B.the muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other muscles, respectively C.the muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively D.the muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively

43. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. When the term levator is part of the descriptive term for a muscle ʹ s action, this means that ________. A.the muscle flexes and rotates a region B.the muscle is a fixator and stabilizes a bone or joint C.the muscle elevates and/or adducts a region D.the muscle functions as a synergist

44. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION The suprahyoid muscles ________. A.depress the larynx and hyoid bone if the mandible is fixed B.are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity C.Move the pharynx superiorly during swallowing D.are often called strap muscles

45. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.4 Shoulder Arm Forearm Pelvis/thigh Thigh Leg Head Facial Neck Thorax Abdomen Thigh Leg Trapezius Deltoid Triceps brachii Biceps brachii Brachialis Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Iliopsoas Pectineus Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Temporalis Epicranius, frontal belly Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Sternohyoid Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Intercostals External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Adductor longus Gracilis Gastrocnemius Soleus Masseter Platysma

46. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.5 Arm Triceps brachii Brachialis Forearm Brachioradialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Iliotibial tract Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Neck Epicranius, occipital belly Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Shoulder Hip Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Thigh Biceps femoris Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid major Infraspinatus Deltoid Teres major Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis longus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Hamstrings:

47. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION A muscle located on the dorsal side of the body is the ________. A.pectoralis minor B.rectus femoris C.rectus abdominis D.infraspinatus

48. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. QUESTION Which of the following muscles does not act in plantar flexion? A.popliteus B.tibialis posterior C.flexor digitorum longus D.gastrocnemius and soleus