1. T U T O R I A L  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 7 Wage Calculator Application Introducing Algorithms, Pseudocode and Program Control

2.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Outline 7.1 Test-Driving the Wage Calculator Application 7.2 Algorithms 7.3 Pseudocode 7.4 Control Structures 7.5 If...Then Selection Statement 7.6 If...Then...Else Selection Statement and Conditional If Expressions 7.7 Constructing the Wage Calculator Application 7.8 Assignment Operators 7.9 Formatting Text 7.10 Using the Debugger: The Watch Window

3.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 In this tutorial you will learn: ■Understand basic problem-solving techniques. ■Understand control structures. ■Understand and create pseudocode. ■Use the If...Then and If...Then...Else selection statements to choose among alternative actions. ■Use the assignment operators. ■Use the debugger’s Watch window. Objectives

4.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 ■Structured programming – A technique for organizing program control that helps you develop applications that are clear and easier to debug and modify. – Applicable to most high-level languages, including Visual Basic. Introduction

5.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Application Requirements 7.1 Test-Driving the Wage Calculator Application A payroll company calculates the gross earnings per week of employees. Employees’ weekly salaries are based on the number of hours they worked and their hourly wages. The application assumes a standard work week of 40 hours. The wages for 40 or fewer hours are calculated by multiplying the employee’s hourly wage by the number of hours worked. Any time worked over 40 hours in a week is considered “overtime” and earns time and a half. The total overtime earned is added to the user’s gross earnings for the regular 40 hours of work to calculate the total earnings for that week. ■This application calculates earnings from hourly wage and hours worked per week.

6.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 7.1 Test-Driving the Wage Calculator Application (Cont.) ■To organize the GUI, we vertically aligned the TextBox es on their right sides and made the TextBox es the same size (Fig 7.1). ■We also left aligned the TextBox es’ descriptive Labels. Figure 7.1 | Wage Calculator application.

7.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 GUI Design Tip When using multiple TextBox es vertically, align the TextBox es on their right sides, and where possible make the TextBox es the same size. Left align the descriptive Label s for such TextBox es.

8.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 7.1 Test-Driving the Wage Calculator Application (Cont.) ■The employee’s earnings are the sum of the wages for the standard 40-hour work week ( 40*10 ) and the overtime pay ( 5*10* 1.5) (Fig 7.2). Figure 7.2 | Calculating wages by clicking the Calculate Button.

9.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 7.2 Algorithms ■Computing problems can be solved by executing a series of actions in a specific order. ■A procedure for solving a problem, called an algorithm, deals with: – the actions to be executed and – the order in which these actions are to be executed

10.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 7.2 Algorithms (Cont.) ■The following example demonstrates the importance of correctly specifying the order in which the actions are to be executed. Consider the “rise-and-shine algorithm” followed by one junior executive for getting out of bed and going to work: – (1) get out of bed, – (2) take off pajamas, – (3) take a shower, – (4) get dressed, – (5) eat breakfast and – (6) carpool to work. ■This routine prepares the executive for a productive day at the office.

11.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 7.2 Algorithms (Cont.) ■Suppose that the same steps are performed in a slightly different order: – (1) get out of bed, – (2) take off pajamas, – (3) get dressed, – (4) take a shower, – (5) eat breakfast, – (6) carpool to work.

12.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 7.2 Algorithms (Cont.) ■In this case, our junior executive shows up for work soaking wet. ■Indicating the appropriate sequence in which to execute actions is equally crucial in computer programs. ■Program control refers to the task of ordering an application’s statements correctly.

13.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 7.3 Pseudocode ■Pseudocode is an informal language that helps you formulate algo­rithms. – It is convenient and user friendly – Not an actual computer-programming language. ■Pseudocode statements are not executed on computers. ■Helps you think out an application before attempting to write it in a programming language.

14.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Software Design Tip Pseudocode helps you conceptualize an application during the application-design process. Pseudocode statements can be converted to Visual Basic at a later point.

15.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 7.3 Pseudocode (Cont.) ■Example of a pseudocode statement: Assign 0 to the counter ■The pseudocode statement above can be converted to the following Visual Basic statement: counter = 0

16.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 7.3 Pseudocode (Cont.) ■Pseudocode normally describes only executable statements—the actions performed when the corresponding Visual Basic application is run. ■An example of a programming statement that is not executed is a declaration.

17.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 7.4 Control Structures ■Sequential execution – Normally, statements in an application are executed one after another in the order in which they are written. ■transfer of control – Occurs when an executed statement does not directly follow the previously executed statement in the written application. ■All programs can be written in terms of only three control structures: – the sequence structure, – the selection structure and – the repetition structure.

18.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■The sequence structure is built into Visual Basic—unless directed to act otherwise, the computer executes Visual Basic statements sequentially—that is, one after the other in the order in which they appear in the application.

19.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Figure 7.3 | Sequence structure activity diagram. 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■The activity diagram in Fig. 7.3 illustrates a typical sequence structure, in which two calculations are performed in order.

20.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■Activity diagrams are part of the Unified Modeling Language (UML)—an industry standard for modeling software systems. ■An activity diagram models the activity (also called the workflow) of a portion of a software system.

21.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■Activity diagrams are composed of special- purpose symbols, such as – the action-state symbol (a rectangle with its left and right sides replaced with arcs curving outward) – the diamond symbol and the small circle symbol – transition arrows, which represent the flow of the activity. ■Like pseudocode, activity diagrams help you develop and represent algorithms. Activity diagrams clearly show how control structures operate.

22.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■The activity diagram in Fig. 7.3 contains two action states that represent actions to perform. ■Each action state contains an action expression. ■The arrows in the activity diagram are called transition arrows. – Represent transitions that indicate the order in which the actions represented by the action states occur. ■The solid circle located at the top of the activity diagram represents the activity’s initial state – The beginning of the workflow before the application performs the modeled activities.

23.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■The solid circle surrounded by a hollow circle that appears at the bottom of the activity diagram represents the final state – The end of the workflow after the application performs its activities. ■In Fig. 7.3, the rectangles with the upper-right corners folded over are called notes in the UML – Like comments in Visual Basic applications – Explanatory remarks that describe the purpose of symbols in the diagram. – A dotted line connects each note with the element that the note describes.

24.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) Selection Structures ■A condition is an expression with a true or false value that is used to make a decision. ■Conditions are evaluated to determine whether their value is true or false. ■These values are of data type Boolean – Specified in Visual Basic code by using the keywords True and False. ■Refer to a condition as a Boolean expression.

25.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■Visual Basic provides three types of selection structures. ■The If...Then selection structure performs (selects) an action (or sequence of actions) based on a condition. – If the condition evaluates to True, the actions specified by the If...Then structure are executed. – If the condition evaluates to False, the actions specified by the If...Then structure are skipped.

26.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■The If...Then...Else selection structure – …performs an action (or sequence of actions) if a condition is true – …performs a different action (or sequence of actions) if the condition is false. ■The Select Case structure performs one of many actions (or sequences of actions), depending on the value of an expression.

27.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■The If...Then structure is called a single- selection structure because it selects or ignores a single action (or a sequence of actions). ■The If...Then...Else structure is called a double-selection structure because it selects between two different actions (or sequences of actions). ■The Select Case structure is called a multiple- selection structure because it selects among many different actions or sequences of actions.-

28.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) Repetition Structures ■Visual Basic provides seven types of repetition structures for performing a statement or group of statements repeatedly: – While...End While – Do While...Loop – Do Until...Loop – Do...Loop While – Do...Loop Until – For...Next – For Each...Next

29.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) Keywords ■The words If, Then, Else, End, Select, Case, While, Do, Until, Loop, For, Next and Each are all Visual Basic keywords—Appendix E includes a complete list of Visual Basic keywords.

30.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) Control Structure Notes ■Visual Basic has 11 control structures – the sequence structure, – three types of selection structures and – seven types of repetition structures. – All Visual Basic applications are formed by combining as many of each type of control structure as is necessary. ■All Visual Basic control structures are single-entry/single-exit control structures – Each has exactly one entry point and one exit point.

31.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 7.4 Control Structures (Cont.) ■Control structures are attached to one another by connecting the exit point of one control structure to the entry point of the next. – Similar to stacking building blocks, so we call it control-structure stacking. – The only other way to connect control structures is through control-structure nesting, whereby one control structure can be placed inside another.

32.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 7.5 If...Then Selection Statement ■A selection statement chooses among alternative courses of action in an application. If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Display “Passed” ■The preceding pseudocode If statement may be written in Visual Basic as If studentGrade >= 60 Then displayLabel.Text = "Passed" End If

33.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 7.5 If...Then Selection Statement (Cont.) ■The condition between keywords If and Then determines whether the statement(s) within the If...Then statement will execute. – If the condition is true, the body of the If... Then statement executes. – If the condition is false, the body is not executed.

34.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Common Programming Error Omitting the Then keyword in an If...Then statement is a syntax error. The IDE helps prevent this error by inserting the Then keyword after you write the condition.

35.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Good Programming Practice Visual Basic indents the statements inside If...Then statements to improve readability.

36.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Figure 7.4 | Equality and relational operators. 7.5 If...Then Selection Statement (Cont.) ■Conditions in If...Then statements can be formed by using the equality operators and relational operators (also called comparison operators), which are summarized in Fig. 7.4.

37.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Common Programming Error Adding spaces between the symbols in the operators <>, >= and, > =, < = ) is a syntax error that Visual Basic fixes automatically.

38.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Common Programming Error Reversal of the operators <>, >= and, =< ) is a syntax error that Visual Basic fixes automatically.

39.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Figure 7.5 | If...Then statement syntax. 7.5 If...Then Selection Statement (Cont.) ■Figure 7.5 shows the syntax of the If... Then statement. ■A statement’s syntax specifies how the statement must be formed to compile.

40.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 7.5 If...Then Selection Statement (Cont.) ■Figure 7.6 illustrates the single-selection If...Then statement. ■This activity diagram contains the diamond, or decision symbol, which indicates that a decision is to be made. ■The two sets of square brackets above or next to the arrows leading from the decision symbol are called guard conditions. Figure 7.6 | If...Then single-selection statement activity diagram.

41.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 7.5 If...Then Selection Statement (Cont.) ■A decision symbol indicates that the workflow continues along a path determined by the guard conditions, which can be true or false. ■Each transition arrow emerging from a decision symbol has a guard condition. – If a particular guard condition is true, the workflow enters the action state to which that transition arrow points. – Only one guard condition associated with a particular decision symbol can be true at once.

42.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 ■The If... Then selection statement performs an indicated action only when the condition evaluates to True ; otherwise, the action is skipped. ■The If... Then... Else selection statement allows you to specify that a different action is to be performed when the condition is true than when the condition is false. If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Display “Passed” Else Display “Failed” The preceding pseudocode may be written in Visual Basic as If studentGrade >= 60 Then displayLabel.Text = "Passed" Else displayLabel.Text = "Failed" End If 7.6 If...Then...Else Select ion Statement and Conditional If Expressions

43.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Good Programming Practice Indent both body statements of an If...Then...Else statement to improve readability. [Note: The Visual Basic IDE does this automatically.]

44.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 ■A standard indentation convention should be applied consistently throughout your applications. ■The body of the Else clause is indented so that it lines up with the indented body of the If clause. ■The If...Then...Else selection statement follows the same general syntax as the If...Then statement (Fig. 7.7). 7.6 If...Then...Else Select ion Statement and Conditional If Expressions (Cont.) Figure 7.7 | If... Then... Else statement syntax.

45.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 7.6 If...Then...Else Select ion Statement and Conditional If Expressions (Cont.) ■The preceding If... Then... Else statement can also be written using a conditional If expression, as in displayLabel.Text = If(studentGrade >= 60, "Passed", "Failed") ■A conditional If expression starts with the keyword If and is followed by three expressions in parentheses—a condition, the value of the conditional expression if the condition is true and the value if the condition is false.

46.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Figure 7.8 | If...Then...Else double-selection statement activity diagram. 7.6 If...Then...Else Select ion Statement and Conditional If Expressions (Cont.) ■Figure 7.8 illustrates the flow of control in the If...Then...Else double-selection statement.

47.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 47 ■Nested If...Then...Else statements test for multiple conditions by placing If...Then...Else statements inside other If...Then...Else statements. If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90 Display “A” Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80 Display “B” Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70 Display “C” Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Display “D” Else Display “F” 7.6 If...Then...Else Select ion Statement and Conditional If Expressions (Cont.)

48.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Outline ■The preceding pseudocode may be written in Visual Basic as shown in Fig. 7.9.

49.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Good Programming Practice If there are several levels of indentation, each level should be indented farther to the right by the same amount of space.

50.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Outline ■Most Visual Basic programmers prefer to use the ElseIf keyword to write the preceding If...Then...Else statement, as shown in Fig. 7.10.

51.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Common Programming Error The Else clause must always be last in an If...Then...Else statement—following an Else clause with another Else or ElseIf clause is a syntax error.

52.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 52 ■The two statements are equivalent, but you should use the latter statement—it avoids deep indentation of the code. ■The final portion of the If...Then...Else statement uses the Else keyword to handle all the remaining possibilities. ■The Else clause must always be last in an If...Then...Else statement—following an Else clause with another Else or ElseIf clause is a syntax error. ■Note that the latter statement requires only one End If. 7.6 If...Then...Else Select ion Statement and Conditional If Expressions (Cont.)

53.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 53 ■Pseudocode describing the basic operation of the Wage Calculator application. When the user clicks the Calculate Button Retrieve the number of hours worked and hourly wage from the TextBoxes If the number of hours worked is less than or equal to 40 hours Gross earnings equals hours worked times hourly wage Else Gross earnings equals 40 times hourly wage plus hours above 40 times wage and a half Display gross earnings 7.7 Constructing the Wage Calculator Application

54.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 54 ■Figure 7.11 lists the actions, controls and events that help you complete your own version of this application. ■The Label s in the first row guide the user through the application. ■The Button control, calculateButton, is used to calculate the employee’s wages. ■The third column of the table specifies that we’ll be using this control’s Click event to perform the calculations. ■The TextBox es contain input from the user. The final control, earningsResultLabel, is a Label that displays the application’s output. 7.7 Constructing the Wage Calculator Application (cont.)

55.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 55 Action/Control/Event (ACE) Table for the Wage Calculator Application Figure 7.11 | Action/Control/Event table for the Wage Calculator application.

56.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 56 ■To complete the Wage Calculator application – add a Click event to the Calculate Button – declare the variables you need to calculate the employee’s wages ■If you forget to add code to this Click event, the application won’t respond when the user clicks the Calculate Button. Action/Control/Event (ACE) Table for the Wage Calculator Application (Cont.)

57.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 57 Figure 7.12 | Calculate Button event handler. Declaring Variables in the Calculate Button ’s Click Event Handler Empty event handler ■Double click the Calculate Button. ■Lines 3–6 of Fig. 7.12 display the generated event handler. – The End Sub keywords (line 6) indicate the end of event handler calculateButton_Click. – The End Class keywords (line 7) indicate the end of class WageCalculatorForm.

58.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 58 Figure 7.13 | Declaring variables of type Double and Decimal. Variable declarations Declaring Variables in the Calculate Button ’s Click Event Handler (Cont.) ■A Double variable holds numbers with decimal points. ■Type Decimal is used to store monetary amounts because this data type minimizes rounding errors in arithmetic calculations (Fig 7.13).

59.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 59 Figure 7.14 | Creating a constant. Constant declaration Declaring Variables in the Calculate Button ’s Click Event Handler (Cont.) ■A constant is an identifier whose value cannot be changed after its initial declaration. ■Constants are declared with keyword Const (Fig 7.14).

60.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 60 Good Programming Practice Constants (also called named constants) help make programs more readable by providing names for constant values.

61.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 61 Good Programming Practice Capitalize each letter in the name of a constant; separate each word in the name with an underscore.

62.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 62 Figure 7.15 | Assigning data to variables. Determining the User’s Wages Variable assignment ■The Val function (Fig 7.15) returns the user input as Double s.

63.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 63 Error-Prevention Tip To reduce errors, the IDE sometimes adds keywords for you. One example is the adding of the keywords End...If when an If...Then or an If...Then...Else statement is created. This eliminates the possibility that such keywords will be forgotten or misspelled.

64.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 64 Figure 7.16 | If... Then... Else statement to determine wages. Determining the User’s Wages (Cont.) If…Then… Else statement ■This If...Then...Else statement (Fig 7.16) determines whether employees earn overtime in addition to their usual wages.

65.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 65 Figure 7.17 | Assigning the result to earningsResultLabel. Determining the User’s Wages (Cont.) Displaying output ■Line 31 (Fig 7.17) assigns the value in earnings to the Text property of the Label earningsResultLabel, implicitly converting earnings from a Decimal to a string.

66.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 66 Figure 7.18 | Wage Calculator with incorrectly formatted output. Determining the User’s Wages (Cont.) Incorrectly formatted output ■Test the application (Fig 7.18).

67.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 67 ■Visual Basic provides several assignment operators for abbreviating assignment statements. ■The statement – value = value + 3 ■adds 3 to the value in value, can be abbreviated with the addition assignment operator += as – value += 3 7.8 Assignment Operators

68.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 68 ■The += operator adds the value of the right operand to the value of the left operand and stores the result in the left operand. ■Visual Basic provides assignment operators for several binary operators, including +, -, *, ^, / and \. ■When an assignment statement is evaluated, the expression to the right of the operator is always evaluated first, then assigned to the variable on the left. 7.8 Assignment Operators (Cont.)

69.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 69 Figure 7.19 | Assignment operators. 7.8 Assignment Operators (Cont.) ■Figure 7.19 includes the assignment operators, sample expressions using these operators and explanations.

70.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 70 Figure 7.20 | Using the addition assignment operator in a calculation. Using the Addition Assignment Operator Addition assignment operator shortens statement ■Add an assignment operator to the application’s code (Fig 7.20).

71.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 71 ■Method String.Format controls how text displays. ■Modifying the appearance of text for display purposes is known as text formatting. ■ String.Format takes as an argument a format control string, followed by arguments that indicate the values to be formatted. ■The format control string argument specifies how the remaining arguments are to be formatted. 7.9 Formatting Text

72.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 72 ■The format control string, “{0:C}” indicates that argument 0 should take the format specified by the letter after the colon; this letter is called the format specifier. ■The format defined by the uppercase letter C represents the currency format, which is used to display values as monetary amounts (Fig 7.21). ■The effect of the C format specifier varies, depending on the locale setting of your computer. Formatting the Gross Earnings Figure 7.21 | Using the Format method to display the result as currency. Formatting output as currency

73.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 73 GUI Design Tip Format all monetary amounts using the C (currency) format specifier.

74.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 74 ■Figure 7.22 shows several format specifiers. Formatting the Gross Earnings (Cont.) Figure 7.22 | Format specifiers for strings.

75.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 75 Outline (1 of 2 ) Keyword Const specifies constant

76.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 76 Outline (2 of 2 ) Else body executes when condition evaluates to False Condition between keywords If and Then Assignment operator assigns left operand result of adding left and right operands Format result as currency

77.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 77 ■The Watch window allows you to examine the value of a variable or expression. ■You can use the Watch window to view changes in a variable’s value as the application executes, or you can change a variable’s value yourself. ■Each expression or variable that is added to the Watch window is called a watch. 7.10 Using the Debugger: The Watch Window

78.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 78 Figure 7.24 | Breakpoints added to Wage Calculator application. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window ■Add breakpoints to the application (Fig 7.24).

79.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 79 Figure 7.25 | Wage Calculator application. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window (Cont.) ■When a breakpoint is reached, application execution is paused, and the IDE switches into break mode. ■Once the application has entered break mode, you are free to explore the values of various variables, using the debugger’s Watch window. ■Run the application (Fig 7.25).

80.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 80 Figure 7.26 | Watch window. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window (Cont.) ■To display the Watch window, select Debug > Windows > Watch. ■To add a watch, you can type an expression into the Name column. ■The value and type are added by the IDE (Fig. 7.26). ■The number stored in wage is of type Decimal. ■You can also highlight a variable name in the code and drag-and-drop that variable into the Watch window or right click the variable in the code and select Add Watch.

81.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 81 Figure 7.27 | Examining expressions. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window (Cont.) Complex expression Boolean expression Invalid expression ■The Watch window can evaluate arithmetic expressions. ■Expressions containing the = symbol are treated as Boolean expressions instead of assignment statements (Fig 7.27).

82.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 82 Figure 7.28 | Deleting a watch. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window (Cont.) Delete Watch option ■To remove an expression, simply right click the expression in the Watch window and select Delete Watch (Fig. 7.28). ■Alternatively, click a variable in the Watch window and press the Delete key.

83.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 83 Figure 7.29 | Modified values in Watch window. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window (Cont.) Modified value appears in red ■Modified values are displayed in red (Fig. 7.29).

84.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 84 Figure 7.30 | Modifying values in a Watch window. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window (Cont.) Value modified directly ■The Watch window (Fig 7.30) can be used to change the value of a variable by entering the new value in the Value column. ■This option enables you to test various values to confirm the behavior of your application.

85.  2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 85 Figure 7.31 | Output displayed after the debugging process. Using the Debugger: The Watch Window (Cont.) Earnings result based on altered input ■Run the application (Fig 7.31).