1. Optical microscopy We want to see more details Magnification Resolution Contrast Simple microscope MENA3100, 26/1-10

2. The simple microscope Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632−1723)

3. The compound microscope ca. 1595 Hans Janssen Robert Hooke (1635−1703) Micrographia, 1664

4. Don’t get too hang up in the ray tracing

5. Stereo microscope

6. Compound microscope for transmitted light

7. Inverted compound microscope for reflected light

9. www.microscopy-analysis.com/files/ jwiley_microscopy/2006_Sept_Hammond.pdf

10. Illuminating system Specimen Filament Field diaphragm Aperture diaphragm Condenser lens

11. Illuminating system Specimen Filament Field diaphragm Aperture diaphragm Condenser lens Köhler illumination Uniform specimen illumination Field diaphragm Controll illuminated area Aperture diaphragm Controll angle of the cone of light

12. Imaging system Specimen Objective Tube lens Eyepiece Okular

13. Primary image

14. Refraction Kromatisk abberation

15. Spherical abberation

16. Corrections The objective

17. Numerical aperture (NA) NA = nsin  R = 0,61 /NA Resolution Rayleigh criterion (Raleigh in Brandon and Kaplan)

18. The limiting factor: Diffraction Oil immersion NA = nsin 

20. Condenser system Eyepice Ocular (okular) More is needed than just the objective

22. Optical anisotropy Calcite

23. Amorphous and cubic: Optically isotropic, one refracive index Hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal: Optically anisotropic, two refractive indices Lower symmetry: Optically anisotropic, three refractive indices

24. Optically active crystals in the microscope

26. Michel-Levy chart

28. Remember that geologists often call their book on microscopy on thin sections for optical crystallography, and microscopy with reflected light is ore microscopy (malmmikroskopi). Some web sites: http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/ http://www.microscopyu.com/ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/pdfs/basicsandbeyond.pdf maintenance: http://www.zeiss.de/C1256D18002CC306/0/1205E8CBD68054EAC125701500404705/$file/46-0009_e.pdf