1. BTEC First Certificate Basic Biomechanics Movement Patterns

2. Learning Outcomes By the end of this session you should be able to: Define and demonstrate the different movement patterns allowed at each joint Define and demonstrate the different movement patterns allowed at each joint

3. Overview Muscles are attached to bones via tendons. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons. When these muscles contract, bones move. When these muscles contract, bones move. This movement will occur about a fixed point – a joint. This movement will occur about a fixed point – a joint. It is the muscle that causes movement – the bones are the things that move and the joints allow this movement to take place. It is the muscle that causes movement – the bones are the things that move and the joints allow this movement to take place. All movements can be described by the action that occurs at a joint. All movements can be described by the action that occurs at a joint.

4. Anatomical Position All movements are described in relation to the anatomical position All movements are described in relation to the anatomical position

5. Flexion Decrease in the angle around a joint Decrease in the angle around a joint e.g. bending the arm at the elbow to touch the shoulder with the arm e.g. bending the arm at the elbow to touch the shoulder with the arm e.g. bringing the leg forward e.g. bringing the leg forward

6. Extension Increase in the angle around a joint Increase in the angle around a joint e.g. straightening the leg at hip e.g. straightening the leg at hip

7. Hyperextension Occurs when the angle between the articulating bones goes beyond 180 o Occurs when the angle between the articulating bones goes beyond 180 o e.g. hyperextension of the hip takes the femur back behind the body e.g. hyperextension of the hip takes the femur back behind the body

8. Abduction Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body e.g. taking the arm out to the side of the body e.g. taking the arm out to the side of the body

9. Adduction Opposite of abduction Opposite of abduction Bringing a body part in towards the mid line of the body Bringing a body part in towards the mid line of the body e.g. bringing the arm back to the anatomical position e.g. bringing the arm back to the anatomical position

10. Circumduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction Drawing the shape of a circle with the end of the bone Drawing the shape of a circle with the end of the bone e.g. drawing a circle with the arm is circumduction of the shoulder joint e.g. drawing a circle with the arm is circumduction of the shoulder joint

11. Rotation A bone turns about its longitudinal axis within a joint A bone turns about its longitudinal axis within a joint Can be either internal (medial) rotation or external (lateral) rotation Can be either internal (medial) rotation or external (lateral) rotation Internal rotation is towards the body Internal rotation is towards the body External rotation is away from the body External rotation is away from the body e.g. with the elbow tucked into the side, internal rotation of the shoulder brings the palm of the hand towards the body e.g. with the elbow tucked into the side, internal rotation of the shoulder brings the palm of the hand towards the body

12. Rotation Medial rotation Medial rotation Lateral rotation Lateral rotation

13. Plantar Flexion Pointing the toes forward Pointing the toes forward

14. Dorsi Flexion Pulling the toes up towards the shin bone (tibia) Pulling the toes up towards the shin bone (tibia)

15. Inversion Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body Turning the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body

16. Eversion Turning the sole of the foot outwards away from the midline of the body Turning the sole of the foot outwards away from the midline of the body

17. Pronation Occurs at the radio- ulnar joint in the elbow Occurs at the radio- ulnar joint in the elbow Internal rotation causes the palm to turn downwards Internal rotation causes the palm to turn downwards

18. Supination Opposite of pronation Opposite of pronation Turning the palm of the hand to face upwards Turning the palm of the hand to face upwards

19. Elevation Occurs at the shoulder girdle Occurs at the shoulder girdle Shrugging the shoulders upwards Shrugging the shoulders upwards

20. Depression At the shoulder girdle At the shoulder girdle Movement of the shoulders downwards Movement of the shoulders downwards

21. Protraction Movement of a bone forwards Movement of a bone forwards e.g. jutting the chin forwards e.g. jutting the chin forwards e.g. movement of the shoulder girdle forwards e.g. movement of the shoulder girdle forwards

22. Retraction Opposite of protraction Opposite of protraction Moving a bone (bones) backward Moving a bone (bones) backward e.g. pulling the chin backwards e.g. pulling the chin backwards e.g. squeezing the shoulder blades together (moving the shoulder girdle backwards) e.g. squeezing the shoulder blades together (moving the shoulder girdle backwards)

23. Learning Outcomes By the end of this session you should be able to: Define and demonstrate the different movement patterns allowed at each joint Define and demonstrate the different movement patterns allowed at each joint