1. Confidentiality 26th November 2015

3. Vatican Law on leaking documents ‘Whoever illicitly obtains or reveals information or documents whose publication is forbidden is punishable by a sentence of six months to 2 years in prison, or a fine of 1000 – 5000 euros.’

4. Journalists and Confidentiality Journalists Sources Material Breach of Confidence Privacy protection

5. Sandra Haynes Kirkbright

6. Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (as amended by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013) Protection of employees who make disclosures of information. Protected disclosures That a criminal act has been, is being or likely to be committed A failure to comply with legal obligations, is occurring, has occurred, or is likely to occur A miscarriage of justice has occurred, is occurring, or likely to occur The health and safety of an individual is being, has been or is likely to be endangered The environment has been or is being, or is likely to be damaged Information relating to any one of these categories, is being, has been, or likely to be deliberately concealed.

7. Breach of Duty of Confidence

8. Prince Albert v Strange (1849)

9. Breach of Confidence 3 stage test developed by Megarry J in Coco v A.N Clark (1968) 1.Does the information have the necessary quality of confidence? 2.Has the information been obtained in circumstances where an obligation of confidence is imposed? 3.Has unauthorised use of the information been made which is detrimental to the original communicator of the information?

10. Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers(2004)

11. Creation Records v News Group Newspapers(1997)

12. The obligation of confidence

13. Detrimental uses No need to show an actual detriment to person claiming breach of confidence. Arguable that detriment could be seen to be a wider detriment to the public in having confidences broken.

14. Defences Consent Information that is in the public domain – Lennon v News Group Newspapers (1978) Public Interest – In the public interest or just of interest to the public? Lion Laboratories v Evans (1984); Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers (No. 2) (1988).

15. Remedies Order to deliver up confidential information Account of profits Damages Injunctions

16. AMM v HXW (2010) Jeremy Clarkson – “injunctions don’t work. You take out an injunction against somebody or some organisation and immediately news of that injunction and the people involved and the story behind the injunction is in a legal-free world on Twitter and the internet. It’s pointless.”