1. Conquering the West and Native American Conflict

2. America After the Civil War: 1870-1900
Industrialization & Urbanization
Ranching, Mining, & Farming
Reconstruction &
Rise of Jim Crow Segregation

3. The “New South”?

4. Sharecropping

5. We won’t discuss much about the South in this unit because, when Reconstruction ended in 1877, few significant economic or political changes took place until the 1940s
“Jim Crow” reigned supreme as whites legally segregated the South into 2 distinct societies

6. America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The North:
Experienced a “2nd Industrial Revolution,” mass immigration, & urbanization

7. Railroads, steel, & oil companies formed America’s first monopolies
American industry & urbanization grew

8. America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900
The West:
Manifest Destiny continued after 1865 as miners homesteaders, & ranchers headed West

9. Established new states & closed the frontier by 1890
The United States by 1890
Washington
North Dakota
Montana
Idaho
Established new states & closed the frontier by 1890
South Dakota
Colorado
Wyoming

10. ..but this came at the expense of Native Americans
Western raw materials fueled eastern factories
Crushed Native Americans

11. Settlement of the West

12. The Mining Bonanza
Mining was the 1st magnet to attract settlers to the West
CA (1849) started the gold rush, but strikes in Pikes Peak, CO & Carson River Valley, NV (1859) set off wild migrations to the West:
Comstock Lode = $306 million
John Mackay’s Big Bonanza made him richest man in world
John Mackay earned $25 a minute from his gold/silver lode in Sierra Mountains

13. Mining Regions of the West
Created need for local gov’t, law enforcement, sanitation, businesses, prostitutes
Mining Regions of the West ;
Discoveries of gold & silver led to overnight mining towns

14. Mining Regions of the West
Individual “placer miners” took little skill or money to start, but could not reach deep lodes
Mining Regions of the West ;

15. Corporations had the expensive machinery (“hydraulic mining techniques”) to extract most of the gold in the West ;

16. Mining Bonanza "Courts of Justice Closed to Chinese
¼ to ½ of the mining population was foreign born:
Latin American miners brought experience & new techniques
Chinese brought a tireless ethic
Led to hostility & riots:
Foreign Miners’ Act in 1852 charged a monthly mining fee
Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 suspended Chinese immigration
"Courts of Justice Closed to Chinese
Extra Taxes to 'Yellowjack'"

18. The Cattle Bonanza In the 1860s, cattle ranching boomed
Ranchers used the “open range” to graze longhorns
By 1867, ranchers started using trains to ship cattle to Chicago

20. The Cattle Bonanza ½ of all cowboys were black & ¼ were Mexican
By 1880, the “open range” was ending:
Wheat growers, homesteaders, & barbed wire blocked the range
Many switched to raising sheep
But “range wars” erupted over grazing rights between cowboys & “sheep-boys”

22. The Farming Bonanza
The U.S. gov’t offered incentives for farmers to settle the West:
Homestead Act (1862)—gave 160 acres of land if families pledged to live there for 5 years
2/3 of all homesteaders failed to farm their land
Other gov’t acts helped develop western lands by planting trees & building irrigation systems
Due to land grants, RRs were the largest western landowners
500 million acres doled to businesses but only 80 million to homesteaders

23. The Farming Bonanza
In 1870, homesteaders pushed West & adapted to the harsh farming conditions:
Farmers used dry farming techniques & planted tougher varieties of wheat
New machinery sped harvesting & planting; led to bonanza farms
By 1890, the U.S. became a major crop exporter
A pioneer sod house

24. In 1900, the West made up 30% of the U.S. population (was 1% in 1850)
Homestead Sales,
In 1900, the West made up 30% of the U.S. population (was 1% in 1850)

25. Exodusters
Exodusters were black farmers who moved West to escape Southern crop liens & Jim Crow Laws

26. Exodusters
Exodusters were black farmers who moved West to escapeSouthern crop liens & Jim Crow Laws

27. Rails Across the Continent
In 1862, Congress authorized the transcontinental railroad:
Union Pacific worked westward from Nebraska (Irish laborers)
Central Pacific worked eastward from CA (Chinese immigrants)
May 10, 1869 the 2 tracks met at Promontory Point in Utah
By 1900, 4 more lines were built to the Pacific
1869 is same year as Suez Canal completion—similar effects; both opened access & tie two worlds together 7

28. Irish workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the eastern section
Chinese workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the western leg
1st transcontinental railroad connected the west coast to eastern cities in 1869

29. Federal Land Grants to Railroads by 1871
The national gov’t doled $65 million & millions of acres in land grants (received reduced rates for shipping)

30. The Transcontinental Railroad
In 1870, RR companies developed the 1st time zones to better schedule the RR system; the US would not adopt time zones until 1918

32. “Pullman cars” & “refrigeration cars”

33. Railroad Construction, 1830-1920

34. U.S. INDIAN POLICY
1850:
approximately 250,000 Indians lived on the great plains
25,000 whites lived west of Mississippi River
60,000,000 bison
Reasons for westward expansion:
-Manifest Destiny
-Gold/resources
-Homestead Act
-Railroads
-Overcrowding in East
-Problems in Europe
Expansion led to conflict with people who were already there

35. Originally much more lenient to plains Indians
U.S. INDIAN POLICY
Originally much more lenient to plains Indians
Generally agreed to share land
Some reservations, but usually good land
Later changed to forced movement
Extermination
Assimilation

36. US INDIAN POLICY
Take away the food source from the Native American and they will be forced to submit and go to the reservations.

37. 1 hunter = 100 buffalo per day

38. Dakota Sioux War of 1862
As of 1851, Santee Sioux in Minnesota had agreed to live on
Reservation near Minnesota river
Relations were generally good
1862, crops were destroyed by insects and government annuities
Never came- with winter approaching, Sioux were going to starve
August, 1862, Chief Little Crow led his warriors on a rampage-
Killing all whites in the area (400 the first day)
800 killed total and 30,000 whites left Minnesota
September, Army reinforcements arrive and put down the
Rebellion
First real outbreak of violence on plains between whites and
Indian

39. Dakota Sioux War of 1862
Siege of New Ulm

40. Sand Creek- 1864
1863: Cheyenne in Colorado begin raiding settlements after Government supplies failed to arrive
Citizens of Colorado fear for their safety and Governor creates a militia to find these raiding parties
John Chivington is selected as leader
November, 1864: Chivington attacks Black Kettle’s Cheyenne Village on Sand Creek reservation and kills nearly everyone in it
Horrific atrocities are committed but Cheyenne are now contained (for the moment)

41. Colonel John Chivington
“Kill and scalp all, big and little!” Sand Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

42. Red Cloud’s War- 1866
Gold is discovered in Montana in 1863 and miners began moving into the area
Passed through Sioux country to get there and Sioux began to attack them
Military brought in to defeat the Lakota, led by Red Cloud and his warriors (one of whom was Crazy Horse)
Fetterman massacre
After two years of fighting, U.S. conceded victory to the Sioux- noteworthy for 2 reasons:
Only WAR ever won by Indians against U.S.
Sioux were guaranteed all of Western S.D. in treaty, including Black Hills; also free to roam in unpopulated areas

43. Gold! Gold discovered in the Black Hills in 1874.
Govt. tries to purchase the land, but the Sioux refuse.
Gold fever and miners refuse to respect Sioux land…..
Conflict erupts!

44. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Sitting Bull (Hunkpapa Sioux) and Crazy Horse (Ogalala Sioux) were two chiefs who refused to sign the treaty.
All Indians ordered back onto reservation
"One does not sell the earth upon which the people walk" Crazy Horse

45. Little Big Horn River, Montana - 1876
George Armstrong Custer was sent to force the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho back to their reservations (part of a larger force).
He was in command of the 7th Calvary.
June 26, 1876

46. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876
He was heavily outnumbered and trapped.
Custer & all 220 of his men died.
“Custer’s Last Stand” outraged Americans and led to govt. retribution.
The Sioux and Cheyenne were crushed in the following years.
Best and worst thing for N.A.

47. Painting-Little Bighorn

48. Memorial-Little Bighorn

49. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever!
1877- led 800 Nez Perce over 1700 miles in 3 months trying to escape to Canada; chased by 2000 soldiers; caught 40 miles from border

50. Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause
1880’s- led series of raids against settlers in Southwest
Fought for years before being captured
Chiracahua Apache- his surrender in 1886 marked the end of Indian resistance in Southwest

52. Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889
This opened the Indian Territory to the settlers.
What used to be Indian Territory out west was opened to Americans once Indians are finally on the reservation.
State of Oklahoma would be formed.

53. Sioux reservation declined over the years…Why?
Discovery of gold.
Resistance to move to the reservation
Battle of Wounded Knee
Black Hills

54. Dawes Act of 1887 U.S. INDIAN POLICY Quicker Americanization
Assimilate, mainstreamed and absorbed into US society
Adopt Christianity and White education
Individual land ownership
Abandon tribe, culture and become farmers
Male claimed 160 acres of land
Children would be sent to Indian schools
Farm land for 25 years- then they owned it.
1924 gain citizenship and right to vote
Failed policy
Indian resistance and corruption

55. The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
Paiute medicine man Wovoka promised the return of the buffalo and Indian way of life.
The religion prophesied the end of the westward expansion of whites and a return of Indian land.
The ritual lasted five successive days, being danced each night and on the last night continued until morning.
Hypnotic trances and shaking accompanied this ceremony, which was supposed to be repeated every six weeks.

56. The Ghost Dance Movement -1890
Ghost Dance movement spread to the Sioux
They religiously danced even after they were told to stop by reservation authorities.
Military went to arrest Sitting Bull, where he was killed.
Many Sioux followers left the reservation and joined Bigfoot’s group, who were now on the run

57. Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
GHOST DANCE
Telegram to Washington, D.C. Nov. 15, 1890
"Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy. I have fully informed you that the employees and the government property at this agency have no protection and are at the mercy of the Ghost Dancers. ... We need protection and we need it now ...nothing [short] of 1000 troops will stop this dancing."
Dr. Daniel F. Royer, Agent,
Pine Ridge Agency
Ghost Dance 4

58. GHOST SHIRT
Indian warriors fighting against the US wore Ghost Shirts which were to stop the penetration of American soldiers bullets……It gave them supernatural powers as was believed………
Ghost Shirt
Ghost Shirt

59. Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
7th Calvary caught Bigfoot’s people near Wounded Knee, SD
They attempted to confiscate all weapons when a shot was fired.

60. Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
Violence erupted, 300 Indians and 25 whites lay dead.
This is the last of the Indian conflicts.
Chief Big Foot

61. Battle of Wounded Knee – Dec.1890
The dead of Big Foot's people were buried in a mass grave. The still frozen stiff bodies were dumped unceremoniously into the hole.
The United States handed out over twenty Congressional Medals of Honor to soldiers of the Seventh Cavalry who had participated in the battle.

62. A CENTURY OF DISHONOR
Helen Hunt Jackson ( ), activist for Native American rights and author of Century of Dishonor was published in 1881.
Jackson also began work on a book condemning the government’s Indian policy and its record of broken treaties.
When Jackson sent a copy to every member of Congress with the following admonition printed in red on the cover: "Look upon your hands: they are stained with the blood of your relations."  To her disappointment, the book had little impact.