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4. Poiseuille's Equation and Viscosity Blood Flow Flow in Tubes Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications > Flow in Tubes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_section_108&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium= direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow. Virtually all fluids have viscosity which generally changes as a function of temperature; although different types of fluids exhibit different types of fluid–shear velocity dependencies. Laminar flow of a fluid is characterized by its flow in parallel layers in which there is no disruption or interaction between the different layers, and in which each layer flows at a different velocity along the same direction. Poiseuille's equation pertains to moving incompressible fluids exhibiting laminar flow. It relates the difference in pressure at different spatial points to volumetric flow rate for fluids in motion in certain cases, such as in the flow of fluid through a rigid pipe. Poiseuille's Equation and Viscosity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/fluids-and-fluid- dynamics-and-its-applications-11/flow-in-tubes-108/poiseuille-s-equation-and-viscosity-418- 6023?campaign_content=book_5818_section_108&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless Representation of Viscosity View on Boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications > Flow in Tubes

6. The major quantity of interest in describing the motion of blood particles is the velocity - the rate of change of the position of an object with time: [Equation 1]. Blood Flow Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications > Flow in Tubes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/fluids-and-fluid- dynamics-and-its-applications-11/flow-in-tubes-108/blood-flow-419- 8076?campaign_content=book_5818_section_108&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless Equation 1 View on Boundless.com An illustrative overview of the mammalian cardiovascular system View on Boundless.com

7. Blood velocities in arteries are higher during systole than during diastole. The mechanics of the circulation depends on osmotic pressure of plasma. Blood Flow Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/fluids-and-fluid- dynamics-and-its-applications-11/flow-in-tubes-108/blood-flow-419- 8076?campaign_content=book_5818_section_108&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless An illustrative overview of the mammalian cardiovascular system View on Boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications > Flow in Tubes

8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

9. Key terms diastole The phase or process of relaxation and dilation of the heart chambers, between contractions, during which they fill with blood; an instance of the process. Reynolds Number A dimensionless number, v ρ l /η, where v is the fluid velocity, ρ the density, η the viscosity and l a dimension of the system. The value of the number indicates the type of fluid flow. shear stress The external force acting on an object or surface parallel to the slope or plane in which it lies; the stress tending to produce shear. systole The rhythmic contraction of the heart, by which blood is driven through the arteries. vessel A tube or canal that carries fluid in an animal or plant. viscosity The property of a fluid that resists the force which tends to cause it to flow. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications

10. Representation of Viscosity A proportionality constant relating an applied shear stress to the resulting shear velocity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com http://N/A. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://N/A View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://N/AView on Boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications

11. Relative Magnitudes of Velocity Vectors Laminar fluid flow in a circular pipe at the same direction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com http://N/A. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://N/A View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://N/AView on Boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications

12. Poiseuille's Equation Analogous to Ohm's Law Analogy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com http://N/A. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://N/A View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://N/AView on Boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications

13. Poiseuille's Equation Can be used to determine the pressure drop of a constant viscosity fluid exhibiting laminar flow through a rigid pipe. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com http://N/A. CC BY-SA 3.0 http://N/A View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://N/AView on Boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications

14. An illustrative overview of the mammalian cardiovascular system Keep in mind that both circular paths are working simultaneously and not in a sequential manner as the numbering in the illustration might suggest. Both the ventricles are working together in harmony; as tiny amounts of blood are moving in the pulmonary circuit, the remainder of the blood moves through the systemic circuit. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Circulatory System en." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svgView on Boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications What is inferred by an increase in viscosity? A) Decreased resistance to movement B) Increased thickness to fluid C) Increased displacement D) Increased mobility

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications What is inferred by an increase in viscosity? A) Decreased resistance to movement B) Increased thickness to fluid C) Increased displacement D) Increased mobility

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications What makes turbulent flow more difficult to characterize than laminar flow? A) Imcompressible, constant viscosity B) Velocity variations throughout the volume C) Consistent flow patterns D) High viscosity in Newtonian fluids

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications What makes turbulent flow more difficult to characterize than laminar flow? A) Imcompressible, constant viscosity B) Velocity variations throughout the volume C) Consistent flow patterns D) High viscosity in Newtonian fluids

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications How is the pulsatility index derived to quantify the difference between systole and diastole velocities? A) Difference between peak systolic velocity and minimum diastolic velocity divided by mean velocity B) Difference between mean systolic and mean diastolic velocities C) Peak systolic velocity divided by the minimum diastolic velocity D) Difference between mean systolic and mean diastolic average divided by mean velocity

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications How is the pulsatility index derived to quantify the difference between systole and diastole velocities? A) Difference between peak systolic velocity and minimum diastolic velocity divided by mean velocity B) Difference between mean systolic and mean diastolic velocities C) Peak systolic velocity divided by the minimum diastolic velocity D) Difference between mean systolic and mean diastolic average divided by mean velocity

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications What is a typical value for the viscosity of normal human plasma? A) 37°C B) 1.2 Nsm-2 C) 5°C D) 10%

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications What is a typical value for the viscosity of normal human plasma? A) 37°C B) 1.2 Nsm-2 C) 5°C D) 10%

23. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications How does osmotic pressure change of plasma affect the mechanics of circulation? A) All of these answers B) Causes an alteration in the hematocrit C) Causes a shift of water and change in cell volume D) Causes redistribution of water between intravascular and extravascular spaces

24. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications How does osmotic pressure change of plasma affect the mechanics of circulation? A) All of these answers B) Causes an alteration in the hematocrit C) Causes a shift of water and change in cell volume D) Causes redistribution of water between intravascular and extravascular spaces

25. Attribution Wikipedia. "Poiseuille." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PoiseuilleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiseuille Wikipedia. "Viscosity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViscosityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity Wikipedia. "Poiseuille." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PoiseuilleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poiseuille Wikipedia. "Laminar flow." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flowCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/reynolds-numberCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/reynolds-number Wiktionary. "shear stress." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shear+stressCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shear+stress Wiktionary. "viscosity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viscosityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viscosity Wikipedia. "Blood flow." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flowCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_flow Wiktionary. "vessel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vesselCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vessel Wiktionary. "systole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systoleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systole Wiktionary. "diastole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diastoleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diastole Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Fluids and Fluid Dynamics and Its Applications